Evolution Of Quantity Surveying And Its Effects Construction Essay

Evolution Of Quantity Surveying And Its Effects Construction Essay Quantity implies amount, number, measure, extent, size, magnitude and mass. Surveyor denotes inspector, assessor, examiner, reviewer and evaluator. The name Quantity Surveyor was originally derived from the initial need for the profession; which is to prepare the Bill of Quantities from plans, describing the material, items of work and the quantities required. Builders also use the Bill of Quantities when submitting tenders in order to secure work. Currently, Quantity Surveyors functions involve numerous activities. It is these activities that far remove the profession from that of simple bean brick counting. With the changing environment, the quantity surveyor has evolved to satisfy the marketplace by filling the gaps across diverse industries, as is reflected in industry changes, title changes and education. Suitable titles have now become necessary, namely those of Construction Cost Consultants, Building or Construction Economists, Cost Engineers and Commercial Managers. The cluster sampling survey method was used, which involved pilot interviews and structured questionnaire surveys. Investigations were limited to the views expressed by both students of Quantity Surveying and professionals employed outside the traditional construction industry who were members of the South African Council of Quantity Surveyors, although the views of practitioners with no professional affiliations were also sought. Content analysis, descriptive statistics, multi-attribute techniques and rank correlation tests were used in the analysis of the research data. The Potential Outputs of my research this work in progress could include Changes in courses at tertiary institutions or the introduction of new courses, a name change for Quantity Surveying as a Profession. Keywords: Changing, Effects, Evolution, Quantity Surveying 1 Introduction Historically, the three major employers of Quantity Surveyors were; professional Quantity Surveying firms (PQS), municipalities and government departments, as well as construction and civil engineering companies . companies. Quantity surveyors are increasingly employed across several industries. Industries rang, ranginge from chemical e.g. Fluor, communications e.g. Telkom, electrical e.g. Eskom, Oil oil refineries e.g. Sapref. What does this mean regarding the demand for the profession? This report will also strive to ascertain what they are doing there, how they are valued and so forth. The option of working in an industry of your choosing elevates the status of quantity surveying as a profession. This should be tantamount to greater job opportunities and employment security, further enhancing quantity surveying as a target profession. How does this impact on students career choice? Due to the range of services currently provided, the profession is becoming less reliant on construction, as it places more emphasis on finance, which enables greater involvement in other industries such as insurance, banking, law, and property management. If in fact there are many other industries employing quantity surveyors, this spells good news for the profession. A knock on effect would be an increase in the number of students applying to study Quantity Surveying as a career, as it moves away from the traditional construction approach. Throughput rates will also be affected, as a greater number of students could havecould have access to in-service training earlier. For the long term, course material/notes might change/adapt to suit the various sectors, as each, having subtle differences in approaches would need the necessary Curriculum curriculum and syllabus changes. The Quantity Surveying profession is at an interesting stage, where opportunities and rewards will be high for those who are innovative, keen on research and willing to embrace the hallengeschallenges of the future and emerging technology. 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Establishment of Quantity Surveying There is a shortage of qualified Quantity Surveyors with good employment opportunities in various industries the (AIQS, 2010). Demand for qualified and experienced Quantity Surveyors has been high in recent years. Historically, this demand follows the fortunes of the building, construction and engineering industries. When industry booms, so does the need for Quantity Surveyors. By the middle of the 20th century Quantity surveying had evolved to a recognised profession in the construction industry (Ashworth and Willis, 1995). Quantity Surveying had developed into the traditional role of keeping accounts and controlling of construction costs for both the client and the builder. The prime role of the quantity surveyor pivots around the aspect of cost control of projects (Willis and Trench, 1999). From inception to completion necessitates a detailed knowledge of contractor s prices, experience of the construction process and an ability to foresee the likely effect of economic trends. Quantity surveyors are construction economists who fulfil varied and comprehensive duties to support cost-effective construction and property development projects (Ilias et al., 2010). The core competencies of quantity surveyors include determining project budgets, measuring project quantities, preparing contract documentation such as Bills of Quantities and cost control documents, administering contracts, and preparing final accounts. Despite being recognised as a professional discipline distinct from architecture and civil engineering since 1836, quantity surveyors are not immune to the threats and changes in their operating environment. Some parties in the construction industry have been critical about the quality of works and services provided by quantity surveyors. Some even question the importance of appointing quantity surveyors as project consultants. Because of these challenges, the profession needs to regroup and take stock of the whole situation so that they will not become extinct in the future, this includes all parties who have vested interest in the development of the profession, be it the students, educators and professionals. Every profession evolves in response to the ever-increasing changes in the global business environment (Marcel and Jasper, 2009). In order to remain relevant, globally competitive and successful, New Zealand Quantity Surveyors need to constantly scan their business landscape to discern new directions and to adapt to imminent changes in their professional practice. This study aims to investigate the current areas of, and future directions in, quantity surveying practice in the New Zealand construction industry; imminent opportunities and threats; and ways to proactively maximise the opportunities and minimise the threats. The results of a survey, based on a structured questionnaire reflecting 23 defined competencies, which were derived from the literature and from in-depth interviews with selected practitioners, indicated that technically orientated competencies were rated of highest importance for current services, while management orientated competencies were rated of higher importance for future services (Nkado and Meyer, 2001). Quantity surveying firms that offer services overseas have more staff than non-exporters .exporters. They also handle larger projects and offer a wider range of services (Florence Yean and Chan, 2008). Recent practice, however, has gone back to the original intent of value engineering, i.e., to improve the value of the end product or service (McDuff, 2001). This typically means that the client is going to receive more for their money because of the practice of value engineering. 2.2 Current and Future Trends of Quantity Surveying Quantity surveyors are also employed by large engineering companies as well as and housing agencies (AGCAS, 1994). Specialist home builders seek the expertise of quantity surveyors, as do some trading agencies, including any public committees who control extensive property investments. Multinational mechanical contractors and energy conglomerates regularly employ quantity surveyors under the unconventional title of Cost Engineer. The University of Salford is offering post graduate Electrical Quantity Surveying courses, Mechanical Quantity Surveying courses and Electrical Mechanical Quantity Surveying courses (Salford, 2011). These courses are accredited by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors. The MSc Quantity Surveying in Mechanical Electrical programme is aimed at the mechanical and electrical sectors. Due to the increased importance on low carbon emissions and sustainability in the modern built environment, new roles are emerging for the Mechanical Electrical Quantity Surveyor in the areas of renewable energy, sustainability, low carbon technologies and energy management involved in the provision of careers and employability. With buildings accounting for around 50% of all carbon emissions, the quantity surveyor plays a significant role in combating climate change. The need for Quantity Surveyors is relatively consistent (AIQS, 2010). The range of services provided by the profession has become less dependent on the level of construction but more on finance and property management. Quantity surveyors are known by various names, as they are also called Construction Cost Consultants, Building / Construction Economists, Cost Engineers and Estimators. The Quantity Surveying profession is at an interesting stage, where opportunities and rewards will be high for those who are innovative, keen on research and willing to embrace the challenges of the future and emerging technology. A description of the quantity surveying profession states that, Quantity Surveyors get a lot more involved in all aspects of construction as well as other industries such as insurance, banking, law etc. (University, 2010). An article in a career recruitment company further speaks of a Chartered Quantity Surveyor working as a Commercial Manager (Kempthorne, 2010). As a job description for a Quantity Surveying role, it was stipulated that market need creates evolved Quantity Surveyors (Construction, 2011). Quantity Surveyors meet the ever evolving needs of their clients, offering a vast range of services as depicted in the following website article (Brown, 2010). Today several Quantity Surveyors have explored opportunities out of the boundaries of construction industry, examples being the financial industry, insurance industry, manufacturing industry and real estate sector. (NISA et al., 2006). As emphasised, being one of the key professional experts in the construction sector, Quantity Surveyors have the utmost responsibility to address the key cost, financial and contractual issues of the construction process, which is always highly influenced by the environmental parameters, which are very sensitive to changes and are unique for every project (Senaratne and Sabesan, 2008). The new approaches in construction culture, procurement strategies, changing markets, delivering added value and supply chain management, partnering, private finance initiatives have directed the construction industry towards a new route of evolvement (Cartlidge, 2002). The importance of this is further emphasised due to the declining role of manufacturing and increasing growth in the service sector of the economy .economy. In order to subsist and grow in the future, quantity surveying profession has the utmost necessity to respond to the accelerating social, technological, economical and environmental changes quickly as well as productively (Surveyors, 1992). Since the needs and expectations of the clients are ever changing facts, in order to compete and to excel in the profession, quantity surveyors have to acquire and operate wide range of diverse skills outside the normal traditional Quantity Surveying role (Pathirage and Amaratunga, 2006). The changing nature of the construction and development industry such as the adoption of innovative technological processes and development, the emergence of highly focused professionals and the full range of advanced technologies will necessitate a much stronger emphasis on job competencies than ever before (Lenard, 2000). The findings are important given the increasing globalization of construction services, especially given the international ties between designers, quantity surveyors and other built environment professionals (Bowen et al., 2010) .

Female Genital Mutilation

Is Female Genital Mutilation A Moral Practice Female genital mutilation (FGM) is not a morally justified practice. It is an unnecessary procedure that has no medical health benefits to the girls and women it is being performed on. According to Utilitarianism, we should produce the greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest number affected. Utilitarian’s also believe that we should alleviate the greatest amount of pain and suffering for the greatest number affected. Based on Utilitarian grounds, FGM has no medical health benefits and it is a completely unnecessary act on females in this culture.It is also an extremely painful procedure that has very serious short term and long term side effects, including death. Jeremy Bentham, an Act Utilitarian, developed the hedonic calculus, which is a â€Å"scientific† methodology for determining which pleasures ought to be pursued and which pains ought to be avoided. FGM is an example of the pains that â€Å"ought† to be a voided. This principle enables individuals to provide good reasons for their course of action. When we are deliberating about the right thing to do, Bentham maintains that we must always account for the pleasures and pains.Examples of this are the intensity, duration, certainty or uncertainty, remoteness, fecundity, purity and extent of the pleasure or pain. In order to understand why FGM is not a morally justified practice and why it goes against the principles of Utilitarianism, you have to know what FGM is. You need to learn who it is being performed on and what age, why it is being done, where it is happening, how it is performed, and what short term and long term side effects occur, after this procedure has been done.The pain and suffering that is resulting from this procedure is going against the greatest happiness principle of Utilitarianism. There is a reason why it is no longer called female circumcision and is now being referred to as female genital mutilation. FGM is an u n-safe, un-sterile procedure that is taking place in many foreign countries around the world including Egypt, the Sudan, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and Malaysia (Winter, Par. 6). FGM harms girls and women in these cultures by causing them severe pain and multiple serious side effects.According to the hedonic calculus, and the principle of intensity, it states that some pleasures and pains are more intense than others. The girls or women in this culture are being put through an extreme amount of intense pain for no beneficial reason. The procedure is being done by midwives or older â€Å"experienced† women in the villages that do not have any medical training and are not educated in the field of medicine. Not only is FGM a dangerous procedure, but it also has physical, sexual and mental consequences (Amnesty International USA, Par. 3).According to the World Health Organization, this practice has many serious side effects including shock, hemorrhage (bleeding), tetanus or sepsis (bacterial infection), urine retention, open sores in the genital region and injury to nearby genital tissue (Par. 13). Other side effects can include death, serious infections, HIV, abscesses, small benign tumors, and clitoral cysts (wolvesdream, Par. 5). The World Health Organization has also reported many long term consequences which include; recurrent bladder and urinary tract infections, cysts, infertility, an increased risk of childbirth complications and newborn deaths (Par. 4). It can also lead to a need for later surgeries in life (Par. 14). For example, the FGM procedure that seals or narrows a vaginal opening needs to be cut open later in life to allow for sexual intercourse and childbirth (Par. 14). In this same procedure, women could be cut and stitched repeatedly, leading to further complications and more long term risks. Along with the high risk of short term and long term side effects, the biggest issue resulting from this procedure is death. FGM is the re moval of all or part of the external parts of the female genitalia.It is a cultural practice that started in some African countries over 2000 years ago (wolvesdream, Par. 1). According to this same source, FGM is primarily a cultural practice, not a religious practice (Par. 1). However, in some cultures they do include it as part of their religion (Par. 1). In these foreign countries, FGM has become something that is just expected and defines them to their culture (Par. 1). According to the people in this culture, girls will not become women, or adults for that matter, if this procedure is not performed.Most will be considered un-clean and will not be able to marry without the procedure (Par. 9). In some cultures, the reasoning for this procedure, is that it will reduce the woman’s desire for sex, therefore reducing the chance of sex outside the marriage (Amnesty International USA, Par. 7). We can refer this to the purity aspect of the hedonic calculus, which states that some pleasures or pains are purer than others. Why is it fair to take away the pleasure of sexual intercourse from women, but not from men in this culture?What prevents the men from going outside the vows of a marriage? What is reducing their desire for sex and why are they considered â€Å"clean† without performing some kind of horrendous procedure? In this culture, since marriage is often the only role available for women, it is impossible for them to marry if they have not undergone this procedure (Par. 7). Is this procedure only being done to women in this culture because they do not value women? Is their only role in the community reproduction in order to maintain the culture and its practices?FGM is carried out at various ages in a girl’s life but it is most frequently around the ages of four to eight years of age (wolvesdream, Par. 3). Referring back to Bentham’s hedonic calculus and the principle of remoteness, it states that some pleasures and pains may com e sooner than others. The girls that are enduring this procedure are at a very young, immature and undeveloped age. However, the pain inflicted in the procedure doesn’t end here. It can be a lifetime of pain and suffering with every sexual encounter or birth.Looking further at the hedonic calculus and the principle of certainty or uncertainty, it states that there is either pleasure or pain in an act. The girls in this culture are forced into this procedure knowing that they will have to endure an extreme amount of pain that could last a lifetime, depending on the circumstances. According to an article written on FGM, there are three different types of FGM that take place in different cultures (Par. 3). The first one is called Sunna Circumcision which is the removal of the prepuce (retractable fold of skin, or hood) or the tip of the clitoris (Par. ). In this culture Sunna is Arabic for â€Å"tradition† (Par. 3). The second type is Clitoridectomy which is the removal o f the entire clitoris (prepuce and glands) and the removal of the adjacent labia (Par. 3). The third type is called infibulation (pharonic circumcision) which consists of performing a clitoridectomy (removal of all or part of the labia minora, the labia majora) (Par. 3). This is then stitched up allowing only a small hole to remain open to allow for urine and menstrual blood to flow through (Par. 3).To conduct this procedure the midwives or village women use various un-sanitized instruments including; broken glass, tin can lids, blunt knives, scissors, and razor blades (Amnesty International USA, Par. 3). In most cases, these items are used repeatedly, without any type of sterilization or disinfecting. This practice has lead to the rapid spread of many diseases, high infection rates and HIV. Typically, this procedure is performed without any anesthesia and there are no antibiotics given to prevent infection. The only medical treatment they receive is being stitched up using anything from cat or lamb intestine, to the use of thorns (Par. ). If infibulation or a clitoridectomy is performed, their legs are bound for up to two months while their wounds heal, leaving them immobilized (Par. 3). We can refer this back to the hedonic calculus and the principle of duration, which states that some pleasures or pains will last longer than others.Depending on the type of procedure done and how it is done, these girls could endure a lifetime of pain and suffering resulting from this practice. According to research, an estimated 135 million girls and women have undergone FGM and 2 million girls a year are at risk for having this procedure done (Amnesty International USA, Par. ). This accounts for approximately 6,000 girls per day (Amnesty International USA, Par. 5). Referring back to the hedonic calculus, the extent of pain and suffering that is being inflicted on the girls and women of this culture is astounding and the numbers are staggering. After reading about FGM and t he culture it is being performed in, some cultural relativists may argue that the ethical understandings vary between cultures and what may be considered morally wrong in one culture may be perfectly acceptable in another.However, considering the fact that FGM involves the deliberate infliction of severe pain and suffering and that its effects can be life threatening, it does not follow the greatest happiness principle in Utilitarianism. Not only is it a violation of the rights of females but because it is most commonly performed on girls ranging in age from birth to adolescence, it is a grave violation of Children’s Human Rights (Amnesty International USA, Par. 10).In conclusion, female genital mutilation is not a morally justified practice because it goes against the greatest happiness principle of Utilitarianism. It violates the rights of females and female children. It causes serious pain and suffering that can last a lifetime. The amount and seriousness of the side effec ts outnumber any traditional or religious values that some cultures believe in. Therefore, according to Utilitarian grounds, we should produce the greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest number affected by eliminating this cultural practice all together.In doing this we would be alleviating the greatest amount of pain and suffering for the greatest number affected.Works Cited Amnesty International USA. Action for Human Rights. Hope for Humanity. n. d. Female Genital Mutilation: A Fact Sheet. Web. 27 Sept. 2010. â€Å"Female Genital Mutilation. † n. p. wolvesdreams. tripod. com. n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. Winter, Mary. â€Å"Female Genital Mutilation. † The Rocky Mountain News, 31 Jan. 1996. Print. World Health Organization. Female Genital Mutilation, 2010. Web. 25 Sept. 2010.

The Yellow Wallpaper And The Story Of An Hour Analysis

Throughout history, women have struggled to be seen as equals and have had to fight for their freedom from the roles society placed upon them. Kate Chopin and Charlotte Perkins Gilman both use their literary works to show the challenges women went through, and how they battled for the freedoms they desperately wanted. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman that goes to a summer home to rest and get well under the supervision of her husband who is also a physician. Her husband decided it would be best if she sat in a room alone and did nothing. In the end, she becomes insane and finally finds her freedom. â€Å"The Story of An Hour† is about, Mrs. Mallard, a woman who has just found out her husband has died. Mrs. Mallard†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the husband makes her use a rest cure to make her conform back to her role in society. He doesn’t allow her to do anything except sit in her room away fr om everyone and everything. The husband in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† doesn’t do anything specific other than creating a sense of holding his wife back, because he follows the rules of society and believes she should do the same. The husbands in each story don’t see anything wrong with the way society works and they continue to follow what they believe is the right thing to do. The husbands don’t pay attention to what their wives want or need. While the women are struggling with the oppression from, society and their husbands, they also have to face internal struggles. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† struggles with writing in secret, and being trapped in the room. Overtime, she becomes more insane and spends her time trying to find ways to help the woman she sees in the wallpaper escape. The woman from â€Å"The Story of an Hour† didn’t struggle internally until the very end. She had just left the room she had locked herself in, when he husband walked through the door alive and well. When she saw him all of her hopes and dreams she had just spent the past hour on were ripped out from underneath her. This loss of happiness and freedom caused Mrs. Mallard’s heart to give out and she died. The doctor said â€Å"She had died of heart disease – of joy that kills† (Chopin). Society believes sheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper And Story Of An Hour1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe stories of the Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an Hour are both stories that have deep meaning, and many hidden symbols. In both stories there is a woman who in some way is oppressed by some outside force and must find a way to overcome this oppression. While in both stories the main charcter goes through a different ordeal, The main theme behind these events are the same and the two experiences can compare to eachother. the events match in both women we oppressed by men and portrayed as theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper And The Story Of An Hour Analysis983 Words   |  4 PagesCharlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† both take place primarily in domestic spaces representative of the attitudes and feelings of each character. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† tells the story of a young woman’s decent into depression and madness, commonly attributed to the excessive and unnecessary control her husband exerts over her. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† delves into the conflicted mind of a young woman after hearing the news of her husband’s death and herRead MoreAnalysis of the Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an Hour1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe stories of the Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an Hour are both stories that have deep meaning, and many hidden symbols. 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These stories are written duringRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Of An Hour And Charlotte Perkins Gilman s The Yellow Wallpaper908 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† are two short stories that share similar themes and ideas. The authors’ use of point of view, symbolism, and imagery are different but still convey the same basic idea. Both stories cover the theme of marriage and share the idea that marriage is oppressive. The stories focus on two wives desperate to break from the control of their husbands. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the woman’s husband is a doctor thereforeRead MoreFiction Analysis879 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 102 Dr. Alexander October 14, 2010 Fiction Analysis The two short stories, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Story of an Hour†, are two very similar stories. They share similarities of feminism, freedom, and marriage. The short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story about the struggle of a woman to gain her freedom and to get her own life apart from her controlling husband. The physician, who also happens to be the woman’s husband, keeps her in aRead MoreCultural Analysis : The Yellow Wallpaper927 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Analysis: The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story told from the perspective of a woman who’s believed to be â€Å"crazy†. The narrator believes that she is sick while her husband, John, believes her to just be suffering from a temporary nervous depression. The narrator’s condition worsens and she begins to see a woman moving from behind the yellow wallpaper in their bedroom. The wallpaper captures the narrator’s attention and initial drives herRead More Oppression of Women in Chopins Story of an Hour and Gilmans Yellow Wallpaper 1246 Words   |  5 PagesChopins Story of an Hour and Gilmans Yellow Wallpaper    The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman share the same view of the subordinate position of women in the late 1800s. Both stories demonstrate the devastating effects on the mind and body that result from an intelligent person living with and accepting the imposed will of another. 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The story depicts the methods taken to cure a woman of her psychological state during Gilman’s time, and delineates the dominant cure of the time period, â€Å"the resting cure,† which encouraged the restraint of the imagination (The Yellow Wallpaper: LookingRead MoreFiction Essay: Yellow Wallpaper and Story of the Hour1517 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Victoria Reyes English 104-OL5 Professor Steiner September 9, 2013 â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper and Story of The Hour: A Character Analysis† Marriage has often been described as one of the most beautiful and powerful unions one human can form with another. It is the sacred commitment and devotion that two people share in a relationship that makes marriage so appealing since ancient times, up until today. To have and to hold, until death do us part, are the guarantees that two individuals make

Does Caffeine Affect the Taste of Coffee and Cola

Have you ever wondered whether  caffeine has a flavor of its own or whether decaffeinated drinks taste different from their caffeinated counterparts because of this ingredient? If so, heres what you need to know. The Flavor of Caffeine Yes, caffeine has a flavor. On its own, it tastes bitter, alkaline, and slightly soapy. In coffee, cola, and other beverages it contributes this flavor, plus it also reacts with other ingredients to produce new flavors. Removing caffeine from coffee or cola changes the flavor of the drink because the resulting products are missing the bitterness of caffeine, the flavors resulting from interactions between the caffeine and other ingredients in the product, and also because the process of removing caffeine may impart or remove flavors. Also, sometimes the recipe for decaffeinated products differs by more than just the absence of caffeine. How Is Caffeine Removed? Caffeine is often added to cola, but it also naturally occurs in the leaf extracts used as flavorings. If caffeine is omitted as an ingredient, others need to be added to approximate the original flavor. Removing caffeine from coffee is more complicated because the alkaloid is part of the coffee bean. The two main processes used to decaffeinate coffee are the Swiss water bath (SWB) and ethyl acetate wash (EA). For the SWB process, coffee is decaffeinated using osmosis in a water bath. Soaking the beans can remove flavor and aroma as well as caffeine, so the coffee is often soaked in water enriched with caffeine-free green coffee extract. The end product is a decaffeinated coffee with a (milder) flavor of the original beans, plus the flavor of the coffee extract. In the EA process, caffeine is extracted from the beans using the volatile organic chemical ethyl acetate. The chemical evaporates, plus any residue is burned off during the roasting process. However, EA processing does affect the flavor of the beans, often adding a fruity flavor, like wine or bananas. Whether this is desirable or not is a matter of taste. Does Decaf Taste Better or Worse Than Regular Coffee? Whether decaffeinated coffee tastes better or worse than the regular cup of joe is a matter of personal preference. Decaffeinated coffee doesnt usually taste  a lot different, just lighter. If you like the flavor of a dark, bold roast, decaffeinated coffee probably wont taste as good to you. On the other hand, if you like a light roast, you may prefer the flavor of decaf. Keep in mind, there are already huge flavor differences between coffee products because of the origin of the beans, the roasting process, and how they are ground. If you dont like the flavor of one decaffeinated product, that doesnt mean youll necessarily hate all of them. There are even coffee varieties that naturally contain less caffeine, so they dont need to undergo additional processing.

The Violence Of The Chicago Police Department - 906 Words

Chicago is a violent place to live. There is a very serious problem, in some areas of Chicago there is no respect for human life. Children are victims of gun violence for being in the wrong place at the wrong time. What can be done to have some social order in this place? Guns should be banned in Chicago because it had claimed too many lives of innocent people. Banding guns will reduce violence. Will stablish order for Chicagoans. Stricter laws with more severe punishment be and reinforcement of these laws will make a person think twice before getting their hands on a gun and breaking the law. Guns have cause many deaths. Therefore, Chicagoan should work together to try to prevent another fatality. According to the crime statistics released by the Chicago Police department on April 02, 2015 the city of Chicago has recorded 355 shootings from January to April. ( Aamer, Madhani). Senseless shooting death occurs throughout the year. Violence is out control, people particularly teenager are killing other kids because thing get out of control. They don’t know how to handle conflict and confrontation can become deathly. Senseless reasons for killing can bulling, teasing, name calling or even girl problems. Sometimes innocent people get caught in middle of confrontations. In 2013(CBS LOCAL Media) reported a story where gun violence claim the life of Jonylah Walkins a 6 month old baby who was shot multiple times. It is believe that Jonylah’s father was the intended target sinceShow MoreRelatedRacial Segregation Of Chicago And Explosive Gang Related Crime1671 Words   |  7 Pagesblocked† (Hagedorn 197). By doing the aforementioned the white gang’s behaviors have contributed to the racial segregation of Chicago and the explosive gang related crime in the present day south side of Chicago. 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What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia Free Essays

string(35) " the nations of the Western world\." What did it mean to be modern in early twentieth century East Asia? In the early 20th century, East Asia went through a process of modernisation to cope with the challenges brought by the Western powers. This process of modernisation was characterised by numerous features, ranging from military, political, economic, industrial and technological reforms to changes in the legal, administration, diplomatic as well as education and women. There were long term socio-political and cultural impacts which shaped the modern East Asia in the early 20th century. We will write a custom essay sample on What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia? or any similar topic only for you Order Now While modernisation was in no way equivalent to Westernisation, many in the early 20th century saw the West as a model for modernisation. Modernisation in East Asia was thus more often than not taken as a process of learning from or even imitating the West. This essay will argue that Japan, Korea and China shared similar themes in the path towards modernity even though they developed in different ways. One of the most important steps towards modernisation for all 3 regions of East Asia was the reform (increasing levels of freedom) for women. In the early 20th century Japan, Korea and China underwent economic and industrial development taking the first steps towards modernisation. However, the significant difference lay in the fact that Korea underwent this process of industrial and economic modernisation under Japanese colonial rule therefore one may argue that the significance of their development was much greater. Japanese corporations took advantage of international technological and managerial innovations often called the â€Å"second industrial revolution†. Japan’s electrical technology became second to none. Electric street cars appeared in Tokyo in 1904, several years after they had appeared in Seoul. Of Japanese households, 85% had electricity in 1935, compared to 68% in the United States. Techniques of mass production required both standardised equipment and scientific management or Taylorism, an American theory of rational labour practice that Japan adapted to make the work force more efficient. A dual structure characterised Japan’s modern economy. Therefore, for Japan modernisation meant a rise in industrial advances and production thus a booming economy. Scholars’ views of Korea’s colonial period generally divide into two broad categories. The first takes a negative view of Japan but the second fits the colonial experience into major trends that lasted to the end of the 20th century. This included abolishing inherited social status as a barrier to advancement; liberating women from male domination; introducing modern mass media and popular culture; creating a modern economy through heavy investment in railroads, bridges and harbours; establishing a modern financial sector in the 1920s; and industrialising the peninsula in the 1930s. A small middle class of businessmen and shopkeepers arose and half million farmers were converted to factory workers and miners. In retrospect, the most important economic contribution was Japan’s use of state-led industrialisation involving planning and controls of all kinds in the process of late industrialisation to catch up to the advanced economies of western imperialists. Colonial economic policy aimed at expanding agricultural production by investment in reclamation, irrigation, chemical fertiliser and the introduction of new seeds to grow rice for export to Japan. Some people benefited more than others out of the economic boom in Korea from 1910-1925. This economic boom saw a rise in the price of rice. Korean landlords most of whom were Yangban (landed or unlanded aristocracy), fared far better than sharecroppers and Japan succeeded in winning tangban landlords compliance to colonial rule by granting them noble titles and guaranteeing their private property rights. As a result landlords took little part in the development of active nationalist resistance to Japanese rule. Taking this into consideration it is not unreasonable to suggests that while Japanese colonial rule brought about tyranny, exploitation of the Korean economy, its reduction of the mass of the population to bare subsistence and its attempt to obliterate Korean culture without granting equal citizenship rights it also encouraged developmentalism thus a profound increase in economic development. World War One gave China’s businesses and industries a chance to flourish. Britain, France, Germany and Russia were preoccupied with what was happening in Europe and no longer had spare goods to export. Imports from the West thus dropped dramatically, giving Chinese manufacturers a chance to sell more profitably. At the same time, the demand for products from China increased dramatically, giving Chinese manufacturers a chance to sell more profitably. At the same time, the demand for products from china increased helping china’s export industries. The number of Chinese textile mills increased from 22 in 1911 to 109 in 1921. Tonnage of coal produced grew from 13 to 20 million tons between 1913 and 1919. Modern banking took off: between 1912 and 1923, the number of modern banks increased from 7 to 31. Telephone and electric companies were formed not only in major cities but also in county seats and even in market towns. New fortunes were made. For instance, the Rong brothers from a family of merchants in Wuxi built a flour mill in 1901 and another in 1913. As opportunities opened up, they built eight new factories between 1914 and 1920 expanding into textiles. Therefore, like Japan and Korea, modernisation for China also meant an increase in industrialisation and economic production which brought the first steps towards modernity in the early 20th century. In Japan the path towards modernisation also meant the adoption of constitutional government and an imperial democracy. After the Meiji restoration in 1868, it provided for a form of constitutional monarchy, in which the emperor of Japan was an active ruler and wielded considerable political power over foreign policy and diplomacy which was shared with an elected Diet. The Diet primarily dictated domestic policy matters. After the Meiji restoration, which restored direct political power to the emperor, Japan underwent a period of political and social reform and modernisation aimed at strengthening Japan to the level of the nations of the Western world. You read "What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia?" in category "Essay examples" The immediate consequence of the constitution was the opening of the first parliamentary government in Asia. In the early 20th century the struggle for democracy engaged academic theorists, journalists, feminists, outcasts and working men and women who expressed themselves in riots and in efforts to organised unions. For Japanese intellectuals liberalism meant representative government, constitutionalism, and rule by law. It meant individual rights and freedom from undue governmental interference in the individual’s life. It distinguished between the naturalness of society and the artifice of the state. Intellectuals who professed liberal views jeopardised their careers. For example, Yoshino Sakuzo had to resign his position at Tokyo University because he had argued that people are the basis of the state and the aim of the state is to promote their well-being. The public interest had to in their view, supersede private, partial interests of oligarchs, bureaucrats, politicians and businessmen. Minobe Tatsukichi argued that according to the constitution, the Diet, in particular the lower house was the organ that represented the people. Therefore, it is clear that in Japan modernisation not only meant an improvement in industrial production and economic strength, but more significantly it meant the expression by the people for democracy and new liberal ideas imported from the West. A new modern culture was emerging in East Asia along with education which was emphasised significantly in Korea in the early 20th century. Radio broadcasting began in 1927 under the Japanese Korean broadcasting company and Korean language programs expanded from a third to half of airtime and in 1933 the first all Korean station was allowed. It devoted many programs to Korean history, science, the arts, international affairs, translations of western plays, popular songs with a distinct Korean flavour and standardisation of Korean grammar. In Japan the great Kanto earthquake of 1923 ushered in modern Japanese culture. Modern culture incorporated a second wave of westernisation driven not by national goals but by individual inclinations. After the earthquake, there emerged theatres, galleries, exhibition halls, and rooftop arcades and in 1927 the first subway in Asia connected corporate headquarters in Ginza with movie houses and cafes in Asakysa. The new middle class consumed a modern culture removed from politics. Mass literacy spurred the development of mass media. Self-help books and magazines taught the rudiments of popular science, how to be modern, how to succeed in business and how to create the perfect home environment. Cinemas showed films from abroad alongside domestically produced animated cartoons and historical dramas. This modern mass culture promoted a privatising world of leisure and self-expression. In China the new culture movement took the lead in rejecting traditional values. For example, articles were written that promoted the importance of rejection of Confucianism so that China could attain equality and human rights. Leaders of the movement proposed ending use of the classical literary language because it was a â€Å"dead language† according to Hu Shi. By 1919 New youth written entirely in vernacular Chinese was joined by many other periodicals aimed at young people aspiring for new china. Magazines were filled with articles on western ideas including socialism anarchism, democracy, liberalism Darwinism pragmatism and science. All the major political and intellectual revolutionaries of the early 20th century spoke out on the need to change the ways of thinking about women and their social roles. Early in the century the key issues were foot binding and women’s education. Anti-foot binding campaigns depicted the ustom as standing in the way of modernisation by crippling a large part of the population. As women gained access to modern education they began to participate in politics. Schools for women were becoming more common in this period. In 1907 the Qing government mandated the opening of schools for girls. By 1910 there were over 40000 girls’ schools in the country, with 1. 6 million students and by 1919 this had i ncreased. Schools offered much more than literacy; they offered a respectable way for girls to interact with unrelated people. After 1920 opportunities for higher education also rapidly expanded leading to a growing number of women working as teachers, nurses and civil servants in the larger cities. At the end of World War One the treaty of Versailles ceded former German holdings in China to Japan instead of returning the territories to China even though China had sent troops to fight with the Allies in Europe. Such unfair treatment sparked a widespread intellectual uprising known as the May 4th movement. Focussing on the need for national strength and modernisation this movement also encompassed widespread cultural and literary innovation. These cultural products also saw new representations of women as two distinct archetypes: the New Woman and the Modern Girl. The new emphasis on women in the early 20th century and the public movements taking place (May 4th) show that to China modernisation meant a more Western liberal approach than ever before. To conclude one may argue that to be modern in East Asia in the early 20th century meant different things to Japan, Korea and China. However, similarities were greatly emphasised. For Japan there developed a robust parliamentary democracy supported by an electorate that encompassed the entire male population. The industrialised economy and modern bureaucracy fostered the growth of a well-educated middle class. Overall modern Japan contained conflicting visions of what it meant to be Japanese. For Korea Japanese colonial rule had both positive and negative effects. It established models for successful enterprises and by breaking down hereditary status barriers it opened opportunities to people previously blocked from upward mobility. By introducing modern education it introduced some Koreans to science, foreign languages and social science and enabled the birth of modern mass culture. In short Japanese colonialism produced wealth and poverty, acceptance and animosity, revolutionary potential and conservative reaction. For China modernisation meant the end of the two thousand years of monarchical government, the importance of nationalism and the emergence of political parties. Through the spread of modern schools and new publications a large proportion of the population knew of western countries and ideas. Radically new ideas such as individualism and democracy were being widely discussed and advocated. However, overall of most importance to the whole of East Asia was the similar way in which women were revolutionised. In Japan, Korea and China one may argue that the process of modernisation had the greatest impact on women and that one of the biggest aspects of adopting a more modern western culture in early 20th century East Asia, was the freedom for women to play more public roles in society. Bibliography 1. Edwin Arnold, Asia’s first parliament: Sir Edwin Arnold describes the step in Japan, New York Times 26 January 1891 2. Ebrey, Walthall and Palais, East Asia: a cultural, social and political history second edition 2009 3. Sarah E Stevens, Figuring modernity: the new woman and the modern girl in republican China volume 15 number 3 2003 How to cite What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia?, Essay examples

Department of Environment and Energy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Department of Environment and Energy. Answer: Introduction This report is based on the topic of sustainability. Sustainability is the process by which the biological systems can remain productive and diverse. Sustainability can be defined as the goal of the society to maintain the equilibrium between the humans and the ecosystem. This report is based mainly on the comparison of energy and water sustainability between two countries, namely, Australia and Germany. Further, the discussion in this report is based on different aspects of the process of energy and water sustainability of Australia and Germany. These aspects include, the government regulations of both the countries regarding energy and water sustainability, the scientific research conducted and the technological innovations related to energy and water sustainability in these two countries, the actions taken by non-government or private sector organizations regarding this topic and the exemplary projects executed by these two companies regarding this topic. The Australian government has taken steps regarding energy efficiency. These policies aim to support Australian households and businesses to work in a more sustainable environment. Information is provided regarding domestic goods and appliances, so that they can be used wisely. Information regarding energy that easily understood is provided. Different types of information is provided to help designers and builders to build and reside in an environmentally sustainable home. Energy rating applications are introduced by governments to compare the energy usage by appliances. Energy efficiency is also taken into consideration in government buildings. Industrial energy efficiency is also taken into consideration. Energy efficiency of non-residential buildings is taken into consideration (Environment.gov.au, 2017). Australia is a dry continent. It is important that the limited water resources are used wisely. Common problems in Australia include droughts and floods. The amount of water used in the rural areas is higher as compared to the urban areas. In the year 1992, the Australian government had to introduce policies to stop the degradation of the natural resources of Australia. National Water Initiative was taken by the Australian government to increase water efficiency. Water Sensitive Urban Design is also a part of the government initiatives taken for the protection, management and conservation of the urban water cycle (Twidell and Weir 2015). Scientific research and technological innovations in Australia There are some technologies that help in the conservation of water. These include, use of nanotechnology in water filtration. Availability of clean is a major issue. Hence, water filtration can easily solve this problem. Seawater desalination is another process of water conservation. This is an expensive process. Monitoring the distribution of water from the supplies is another important aspect. Modern instruments like pressure sensors and acoustic sensors are wirelessly connected to monitor the water supply networks, so that the water is not wasted during supply. Computer programs and models are used to control the water used for agricultural purposes (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). This provides a lot of benefit to the farmers. New technologies are used to transform waste waters into resource for generation of energy. A lot of investment is not made in the energy sustainability of Australia. Technologically reliable supply of energy is not available in the country. Improvement of educa tion and extensive training is required to help the country to be equipped with the required skills to adapt to the energy technologies from around the world (Troy 2013). Private sectors in Australia play an important role in the energy and water sustainability. The participation of private companies in the water sector in Australia helps to build or expand the water and networks of sanitation. The most important achievements through private sector participation includes, improving the quality of water service, improving the efficiency of water production, decreasing loss of water and enhancing customer care. The private sector also plays an important role in the efforts which are made in Australia to expand renewable energy. This includes electricity, fuels and also thermal energy. The sector of renewable energy has experienced a growth in the 21st century with the help of the investments made by the private sector. The Private and Public Partnership has played an important role in the growth of this sector (Colombo, Bologna and Masera 2013). One of the projects regarding energy and water sustainability was named Sustainable Sydney 2030. This project has a set of objectives that have been set for Sydney to make it global and green. This plan aims to transform the way the people in the city work, live and play. The three main objectives of this project are Green, Global and Connected. The green objective aims to make the city internationally recognized to be a leader with exceptionally good environmental performance. The global objective aims to make Sydney a global city of Australia and make it a gateway to various tourist attractions. The third and final objective of this project is to be connected. This objective aims to make Central Sydney easy to travel with wide network of walking and cycling. This will connect the rural and urban areas (Dincer and Rosen 2012). Government regulations regarding water and energy efficiency of Germany The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development aims at the expansion of sustainable systems of energy in the whole world. The government of Germany promotes projects of energy in 70 countries or more. The government has spent more than four billion Euros on the development of sustainable and environment-friendly systems of energy in the various parts of the world (Tester et al. 2012). German government aims at helping its partner countries to create favorable conditions for sustainability of energy supply. The German government also assists developing countries and newly industrializing countries. The water services of Germany has a good record. The annual costs of water consumers at the same level is much cheaper as compared to other countries (Roseland 2012). Germany has developed modern technologies regarding wastewater treatment. These technologies are tailor-made to adapt to the climate of Germany, quality if water and policies of water management. These technologies also prove to be expensive. The modern wastewater management innovations came into existence in the late 20th century. Developing the sewage systems in a city is sometimes expensive. Germany has proved to be a leader in energy technology (Weaver et al. 2017). The main aim of the technologies related to energy in Germany is to ensure that by 2050, 80% of the production of electricity in the German market should be generated from renewable energy. The main sources of renewable energy in Germany are mainly, Wind Power, Bioenergy, Combined heat and power, Solar energy which includes solar thermal energy and photovoltaic and environmental technologies (Lawrence, Lyons and Wallington 2013). The aim of the development cooperation of the German government is to ensure sustainable development in the partner countries. The private sector engagement is seen as an important way to use the strengths and potential of the private sector to help to achieve the outcomes of development. The objectives of the German government regarding engagement of private sector includes mobilization of the capital and expertise provided by private sector (Colverson and Perera 2012). Exemplar project in this sector in Germany This case study project is about a city in Germany, namely Frieburg located in the southwest corner. This city has a strong academic base and was a part of the Green Movement in the year 1970. This city is known as the Green City of Germany. Frieburg was bombed heavily during the World War II. The city was then again rebuilt. The energy policy of this city is progressive. The three main objectives of the energy policy if this city are saving energy, efficient technologies and renewable energy resources. The city has many policies to ensure energy efficiency. Energy efficiency is the main factor in both residential and commercial buildings. This city always stays as the leader of low-energy development. The most efficient technology developed in Frieburg is Combined Heat and Power (CHP). CHP aims at producing both electricity and heat with the help of capturing the waste heat from the electricity production units. Renewable energy resources in the city include solar energy, wind energ y, hydropower energy and biomass energy (Ecotippingpoints.org, 2017). Conclusion It can be derived from the above discussion that the regulations regarding energy and water sustainability have been implemented by both the Australian government as well as the German government. The Australian government has implemented different policies by which the consumption of the energy and savings can be monitored by the government management. On the other hand, the German government aims at the sustainable development of not only Germany, but also of its partner countries. In case of water efficiency also Australian government has implemented policies only after the shortage of water resources have occurred. In spite of the fact that Australia is a dry continent, the usage of water is not done wisely. On the other hand, the water usage of Germany is economical as compared to other countries of the same level. Hence, it can be rightly said that the Australian government has a lot to learn from the German government, regarding the sustainability and efficiency issues. References Colombo, E., Bologna, S. and Masera, D. eds., 2013.Renewable energy for unleashing sustainable development. Springer. Colverson, S. and Perera, O., 2012.Harnessing the power of public-private partnerships: The role of hybrid financing strategies in sustainable development. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development. Dincer, I. and Rosen, M.A., 2012.Exergy: energy, environment and sustainable development. Newnes. Ecotippingpoints.org (2017).Germany - Freiburg - Green City | The EcoTipping Points Project. [online] Ecotippingpoints.org. Available at: https://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/germany-freiburg-sustainability-transportation-energy-green-economy.html [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017]. Environment.gov.au (2017).Department of the Environment and Energy. [online] Department of the Environment and Energy. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/energy [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017]. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Lawrence, G., Lyons, K. and Wallington, T., 2013.Food security, nutrition and sustainability. Earthscan. Roseland, M., 2012.Toward sustainable communities: Solutions for citizens and their governments(Vol. 6). New Society Publishers. Tester, J.W., Drake, E.M., Driscoll, M.J., Golay, M.W. and Peters, W.A., 2012.Sustainable energy: choosing among options. MIT press. Troy, P., 2013.Troubled waters: Confronting the water crisis in Australia's cities(p. 217). ANU Press. Twidell, J. and Weir, T., 2015.Renewable energy resources. Routledge. Weaver, P., Jansen, L., Van Grootveld, G., Van Spiegel, E. and Vergragt, P., 2017.Sustainable technology development. Routledge.