Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles - Existentialist Failure to Create an

Tess of the dUrbervilles - Existentialist Failure to Create and Preserve Meaning When wilt thou awake, O Mother, wake and see As one who, held in trance, has laboured long By vacant rote and prepossession strong The coils that thou hast wrought unwittingly Wherein have place, unrealized by thee, Fair growths, repelling cankers, right enmeshed with wrong, Strange orchestras of victim-shriek and song, And curious blends of ache and ecstasy? (Hardy, The Sleep-Worker) Inherent in the ruthless progress of society, there paradoxically lies a growing moralistic deterioration. In Tess of the dUrbervilles, Thomas Hardy faithfully presents Tess as a paragon of virtue, utilizing her as an instrument of criticism against a society too debauched to protract the existence of its finest individuals (Wickens 104). Unwilling to compromise her strict adherence to personal morals, Tess suffers immensely her ultimate inability to exist on this blighted (21) star exposes the regression of a hypocritically sanctimonious society, whose degraded values catalyze her destruction. Innocently unaware of cruel Natures law, (115) Tess is violated by the response which her sexuality arouses in Alec. Yet, although it is nature which induces Tess to drowse off her virginity, it is society which renders this loss a sin. Tesss change from a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by experience (8) to one stained by a physical blight (98) elicits a severe social condemnation. Ironically, in its attempt to deny the cancel instincts of mankind, social selection takes on the characteristic ethical absence of natural selection, ensuring that the social relations among people will... ...Hardy, The Darkling Thrush) Works Cited Beer, Gillian. Finding a Scale for the Human. Tess of the dUrbervilles. Ed. Scott Elledge. newfangled York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1991. Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the dUrbervilles. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1991. H ardy, Thomas. The Sleep-Worker. Tess of the dUrbervilles. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1991. Hazen, James. The Tragedy of Tess Durbeyfield. Howe, Irving. At the Center of Hardys Achievement. Tess of the dUrbervilles. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1991. Hyman, Virginia R. The Evolution of Tess. Ethical Perspectives in the Novels of Thomas Hardy. Wickens, G. Glen. Hardy and the Mythographers The Myth of Demeter and Persephone in Tess of the dUrbervilles.

Marketing Letter :: Business Marketing Letters Digital Cameras

September 24, 2003 To All Editors and Publishers,Come and See Our Latest ProductsGuinea Laser Photo and its network of dealers in the U.S., invite you to hurtle by our booth at PhotosGalore West for a look at our latest technological breakthroughs in digital television camera technology. eyelike twinkle - salutary released in August, is the first digital camera that enables presentation of multiple exposures with a reliable preview image. Before this innovation it was impossible to overlay a wink exposure over another digital image. With twinkle it is now possible to overlay several images and display the results in preview mode before the final exposure is made. eyelike winded - Also just released, this digital camera softw are is specially designed to capture and process either moving objects or still portraits. It allows the shooting and capture of multiple images in sequence, at a speed of approximately one image per second. Using winded the photographer rump later view al l of the stored images one shot at a time, in digital contact sheet format, on a computer. These software modules are just the latest additions to Guineas line-up of products that make eyelike Digital Camera System a world leader. Theyre available to all users of the eyelike system whether they work in a PC or a Macintosh based computer.2002 good reasons to check us out Guinea Laser Photo manufactured its 2002th digital camera in 2002. These cameras are used by professionals worldwide in the fields of photography, archiving, and microscopy. The basis of this technology is the ProgRes 3000 family of cameras that have evolved over the past decade. In 2000, the ProgRes 3012 camera won the internationally recognized Seybold Award as best digital camera for professional use. The longevity of Guinea Digital Camera Systems is legendary. All rising hardware and software developments made over the years have been designed to be compatible with the original base products so that users of the very first modules are able to work with the latest technological advances without having to change and buy new equipment.

Mans Tragedy in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch Essay

Mans Tragedy in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch   Solzhenitsyns turning to business relationship has extremely historic consequences for his total literary heritage. As he himself has said, literature that is non the very breath of contemporary society does not deserve the name of literature. To be align literature, the pain and fears of society must be held earlier it, society must be warned against the moral and social dangers which threaten it.   History to Solzhenitsyn, as to Leo Tolstoy, is the field of honor and the arena in which the abominations as well as the glories of hu musical composition behavior are revealed at their most powerful and on the grandest scale. This is not to say that Solzhenitsyn really writes chronicle, meaning by that a formal annals text. Rather, his novel August 1914 is a vehicle for the telling the larger story of the human condition. As in One Day, characters are minutely inspected in differentiate best to underst and the historical environment in which they participate as well as beingness affected by it. In other words, history at its present juncture provides Solzhenitsyn with concrete, living referents or the actual background against which the moral fiber of realistically depicted characters are not only revealed solely higher up all tested and tempered. As in the later work, Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyns historical novel about Leninist-Stalinist flagellum and the labor-camp system, so in August 1914 events do not simply happen, as though they were products of the action of Fate. It is precisely over the issue of Why Events Happen that Solzhenitsyn split company with the great Russian writer, Tolstoy, who himself used history (War and Peace) as a mea... ..., not by means of dogmatic insistence upon historical law and crowning(prenominal) truth.   So, for Solzhenitsyn, mans Tragedy does not consist in his being ground under by an historical juggernaut, a dumb force guided by rigorous historical laws, impersonal forces, economic determinism, and so forth. Instead, man makes his own history. Ideologies, religions, policies do help shape the lines along which history will be made, but above all for Solzhenitsyn, it is men who make history. It is they who can be blamed. So can the makers of ideologies be blamed for the postulates they develop and the consequences which result from them. Who is to blame? the author of Gulag Archipelago asks in the chapter entitled, The law of nature Becomes a Man. He answers, with bitter irony Well, of course, it seemingly could never be the Over-All Leadership Mans Tragedy in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch endeavor Mans Tragedy in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch   Solzhenitsyns turning to history has extremely important consequences for his total literary heritage. As he himself has said, Literature that is not the very breath of contemporary society does not deserv e the name of literature. To be true literature, the pain and fears of society must be held before it, society must be warned against the moral and social dangers which threaten it.   History to Solzhenitsyn, as to Leo Tolstoy, is the theater and the arena in which the abominations as well as the glories of human behavior are revealed at their most powerful and on the grandest scale. This is not to say that Solzhenitsyn actually writes history, meaning by that a formal history text. Rather, his novel August 1914 is a vehicle for the telling the larger story of the human condition. As in One Day, characters are minutely inspected in order best to understand the historical environment in which they participate as well as being affected by it. In other words, history at its present juncture provides Solzhenitsyn with concrete, living referents or the actual background against which the moral fiber of realistically depicted characters are not only revealed but above all tes ted and tempered. As in the later work, Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyns historical novel about Leninist-Stalinist terror and the labor-camp system, so in August 1914 events do not simply happen, as though they were products of the action of Fate. It is precisely over the issue of Why Events Happen that Solzhenitsyn parts company with the great Russian writer, Tolstoy, who himself used history (War and Peace) as a mea... ..., not by means of dogmatic insistence upon historical law and ultimate truth.   So, for Solzhenitsyn, mans Tragedy does not consist in his being ground under by an historical juggernaut, a dumb force guided by inexorable historical laws, impersonal forces, economic determinism, and so forth. Instead, man makes his own history. Ideologies, religions, policies do help shape the lines along which history will be made, but above all for Solzhenitsyn, it is men who make history. It is they who can be blamed. So can the makers of ideologies be blamed for th e postulates they develop and the consequences which result from them. Who is to blame? the author of Gulag Archipelago asks in the chapter entitled, The Law Becomes a Man. He answers, with bitter irony Well, of course, it obviously could never be the Over-All Leadership

The Turning Point of World War II - The Battle of Midway Essay example

World War II, along with its numerous battles, brought great tension between dickens of the strongest countries during the 1940s the United States and japan. Conflict between these two countries started with Japans push past Chinese borders into Manchuria in search of the natural resources Japan lacks. At first, the United States avoided military action with Japan by waging economic contendfare on them. This economic pressure included the passing of the Neutrality Act, which prohibited the deal of weapons to nations at war (Nash 513). Additionally, the United States placed oil embargoes on Japan hoping it would force Japan to shut down military operations in China. Japan, at a critical decision point, decided to bomb the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. On December 7th, 1941 at 6 a.m., Japan pilots bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor, taking out the United States strongest battleships, killing thousands of people, and destroying hundreds of planes (Sherman). The day after Pe arl Harbor, the United States declared war on Japan. Over the next few years, the United States and Japan fought fierce battles for dominance in the Pacific Ocean. One of the about important battles during the United States and Japanese war was the Battle of Midway. Japan was destroying the United States at sea, until the Battle of Midway gave the United States Pacific Fleet an edge on Japanese forces. The Battle of Midway was the most important naval engagement of World War II it was a decisive battle that allowed the United States to be the dominant naval power in the Pacific and it marked a turning point in World War II for the United States.The motive for Japans plan to fervency Midway Island was to claim dominant power over the Pacific Ocean and to... ...ary B. American Odyssey The United States in the 20th Century. New York, 2002. 513. PrintNewark, Timothy. Turning the lunar time period of War 50 Battles That Changed the Course of Modern History. London Hamlyn, 2001. 112-15 . Print.Nicholas, Walter. Interviewed by Lewis G. Schmidt. Interview with Walter Nicholas. 10 October 1989. Web. 14 March 2014.Now Its the Japanese Who Will mobilise Pearl Harbor. Daily Boston Globe 7 June 1942 D1 ProQuest. Web. 13 March 2014.Pacific Situation Declared Eased by Battle of Midway. Los Angeles propagation 10 June 1942 2 ProQuest. Web. 13 March 2014.Sherman, Frederick Sherman Tells Inside Story of Midway Battle. Historical Newspaper. ProQuest Historical Newspaper. ICONN. Web. 17 March 2014.Symonds, Craig. Mitscher and the Mystery of Midway. June 2012 46. History Reference Center. EBSCOhost. Web. 18 March 2014.

Fostering Creativity Essay -- Marketing, Innovation

The subject of score unitary for creative thinking or idea in the organization or workplace, in varied tactics or approaches, is gaining recognition as a critical character in assisting businesses to achieve better returns or profits and keeping employees satisfied leaders and management increasingly realize creative thinking as the groundwork of competition in business (Gardner, 2007). In cabaret to blend and succeed in this highly competitive market, creativity is not only the necessity requirement in the 21st century for business enterprises or institutions, and it is also the prerequisite for individuals and employees (Florida, 2010). In the following sections, this study will analyze and focus on the issues The attri savees that foster creativity and the particles or aspects that consider stifling creativity in 3C Inc. (3C), and how these attributes help evaluating strategic creativity and what approaches that they facilitate to create or manage creativity in the organizat ion. Fostering creativity and 3C Inc. The subject of score one for creativity or innovation in the business or workplace, in varied tactics or approaches, is gaining recognition as a critical part in assisting organizations toachieve better returns or profits and keeping employees satisfied leaders and management increasingly realize creativity and idea as the mental home or groundwork of competition in business (Gardner, 2007). As we are moving from an industrial economy to a creative economy, and in order to survive and succeed in this highly competitive market, creativity is not only the n foremost requirement in the 21st century for nations and business enterprises or institutions, and it is also the prerequisite for individuals and employee... ...). Lastly, as people argue that business in 3C needs to maintain focus, and the proposal of market potential appears rather small relative to the size of the current business management and leaders must explain and remind t hem that many ideas first appeal unimportant or undersized functions, but they may develop and become bigger as the technology progresses, and users may find new uses for them (Harvard). As an open-innovation company, 3C leaders and managers must not suppress creativity or undermine and weaken it, they must keep away from the attributes that stifle creativity in the organization. The figure one below illustrates that (1) creative-thinking skills are one element of creativity and innovation, but that (2) expertise or knowledge and skills, and (3) motivation or inspiration are also vital and indispensable (Serrat, 2009 Harvard, 2003).

United States Men’s National Soccer Team

While rival drug cartels warred in the streets and the countrys mangle rate climbed to highest in the world, the Colombian national soccer team set out to blaze a new image for their country. What followed was a mysteriously quick rise to glory, as the team catapulted out of decades of obscurity to become one of the best teams in the world. Central to this success were two men named Escobar Andrs, the captain and carte du jour child of the National Team, and Pablo, the infamous drug baron who pioneered the phenomenon known in the underworld as Narco-soccer. But just when Colombia was expected to win the 1994 World shape and transform its international image, the shocking murder of Andres Escobar dashed the hopes of a nation.Through the glory and the tragedy, The Two Escobars daringly investigates the secret marriage of crime and sport, and uncovers the surprising connections among the murders of Andres and Pablo. Personal StatementOur films tend to focus on disenfranchised commu nities in the process of rising up and transforming their political and economic circumstances. We choose these stories due to the exfoliation of their historic importancethis is where societies are shaped.By comparison, sports have often felt like mere diversion, games limited to the playing field. At times, we have both drifted from the furore for sports we shared as young athletes and fans, engaging ourselves in other endeavors as seasons of professional competition passed by.Then, invariably, definitive moments in sports history would grab our attention and childs play our logic upside down. Like in 1994, when an athlete named Andres Escobar was murdered for accidentally scoring an own goal that cost the Colombian National Team a chance at winning the World Cup and transforming its negative image on the international stage. Here was a country with a national indistinguishability so integrally connected to the success of its soccer team that one mistake on a playing field dash ed the pride of an full nation and cost a man his life.Looking into the incident, we learned that the dramatic rise and go under of Colombian soccer was inextricably tied to the rise and fall of Pablo Escobars Medelln Drug Cartel, considered by many the ruling party of Colombia at the time. Sport in Colombia was not only mirroring the personality and politics of nine, further also an inseparable part of that society the playing field an extension of the streets and offices where influential decisions are made.On our journey through diverse walks of Colombian society during production, it became clear that this was far from a classic deal-with-the-devil narrative. Rather, this was the story of the passions and dreams of a people intrinsically tied to the rise and fall of a team. Stories such as this bear on our childhood fascination with sports and confirm the fundamental role they play in shaping our world.

urfews are popular

boyish curfews are popular. In poll after poll, Americans support laws that restrict jejuneagers activities during certain hours of the day and night. Youth curfews are besides logical. If youngsters are exhaustting into cark, it makes sense to take out them turned the streets. Yes because most crimes are usually committed at night.. adolescents can be apply as an easier target for adult predators.. less people to witness things at night Why Curfews Are a Good Thing Kids certainly admit their freedom, but how overmuch freedom?Some parents today are so worried about being friends with their kids that they forget hese young folks need steering and structure in order to survive on their own posthumousr in life. There is nothing wrong with setting a curfew for a teen under the age of 18. The overarching goal of a curfew is protection, both of the teens as well as the community itself. According to youthright. org curfews are very effective in protect minors from hazards such as, drunk drivers, drug dealers and stalkers/rapists that scuffle around the streets at night. Obviously a curfew wont deem a teenager out of trouble during the day time, but that is not their purpose. Curfews for minors play a big role in keeping them out of situations that can lead to them getting into trouble. Teens should have curfews because teenagers get into more than trouble without them. Research shows that 59% of teens get in trouble at night rather than during the day. Thats more than half, teens go forth be better having a curfew and not getting in trouble at night. Not only so, but also most teens get into car accidents late at night.There is champion chief danger on the road that curfews aim to protect teenagers from and that is drunk drivers. There are thousands of accidents every year involving drunk drivers. It is best that we keep our young and inexperienced drivers off the road during this dangerous time of night. Essentially, with a curfew they wont be out on the roads late at night and they will get into less car accidents. Curfews help keep both teens and adults safe. It can be unsafe having teens roaming around without an adult after certain hours.Curfews would keep kids off the streets late at night. If they are home, and not out on the streets, there isnt the temptation to do something risky that will et them into trouble. Also if teens are at home they are safe from the very dangerous threats of drug dealers, talkers, and rapists. This is a very real threat because the naive youth of today are often the targets of these criminals in todays society. Having a curfew in place would significantly cut down on the chances of this happening.Keeping our sisterren safely asleep at home. With curfews in place, the lifespan for our teens would increase. Teens should have curfews because teenagers satisfym to get into more trouble without them. If they are with friends then they may be empted to do things that are not okay. In the nighttime , it is more likely for teens to go out and cause trouble, or make trouble for themselves. In a group of cities that took a poll, over half agree that a curfew is a good idea and that it is effective if it is followed.The curfew helps keep teens out of trouble because they cannot be out causing trouble for others or themselves. Without a curfew, there would be many more case of crimes involving teens. Keeping kids off the streets would cut down on crimes such as vandalism and destruction ot prope Even though curtews can be ard to enforce, it is important that police officers make certain(p) they are followed. Ninety Percent out of a group of cities interviewed agreed that police officers should enforce curfews.If they do not, the curfew will not be followed and teens can be out at whatever time they want. Having teens out at night can sometime be a bad thing because of the dangers they are allergic to and the trouble they can more easily get into during the night time. Keeping teen s at home during the night can help stop any trouble that is caused mostly during the night. Although it is sometimes hard for olice officers to make sure curfews are followed, it helps make their Job much easier. Without teens being out at night, not as much trouble is caused.Late night parties are not as much of a worry to police officers or parents of teens. These parties cannot get-go if teens have a curfew to follow. Ninety deuce-ace percent of cites interviewed agreed that curfews help stop these kinds of parties from starting. In conclusion more than half of the crimes committed by teenagers take place at night, so curfews would also help cut down on the overall likelihood of teenagers committing crimes. Curfews would also protect others from the dangerous things that teen do at night.Most importantly curfews contribute greatly to keeping teens safe from criminals such as drunk drivers, rapists, and kidnappers. A curfew is, in my mind, the best way for a parent and teen to build trust. The more the teen fallows the curfew the later or more lenient the curfew will become. In a good relationship the curfew soon is done away with because the parents know and trust that their child will be safe and know when to come home and when it is the right time to leave said party or friends house.When it comes to rebellious acts and the lot if the parents start early with the curfew then it will become more habitual for the teen. The only really troubling aspect of this is the friends of the teen. If they have a later curfew the teen will be torn between their friends and their parents. The best way to stop this is to ask why the teen what some of their friends have for curfews and negotiate and later time. This makes the teen see the parents and curfew in a more positive light and the parents now know that their teen will be home for sure.

Case Study Pizza War Essay

BSB, Inc. is a large nationally operated sustenance- go gild. The company serves client organizations on a contract basis. Its business is divided into three (3) commercialise-oriented divisions of corporate, airline and university or college. Case Summary Renee Kershaw is BSBs manager of solid f atomic number 18 services at a medium-sized private university in the Southeast. BSB has been operating at the university for the past 10 years and Kershaw has been the manager at BSB for the past 18 months. At the university, BSB caters for 6000 students and 3000 faculty mental faculty and softw are documentation personnel via its 3 different eateries in the university campus.The three eateries are a)The Cafeteria ? Open for breakfast, lunch and dinner daily b)The Dogwood Room ? Serves an upscale luncheon concussion on weekdays further c)The Grill ? Open between 11a. m to 10p. m daily and until midnight on Friday and Saturday nights Initially, after 4 months being in-charge of BSBs trading operations at the university, Kershaw conducted a suss out on customer needs and market trends. The survey revealed that students were not satisfied with the food services at the university.A large heart of the food being consumed by students was not from BSBs facilities mainly due to a lack of variety and unsuit adequate to(p) facilities serving time for the students. Below are the data from the survey Food watchful in dorm room20% Food delivered from off campus36% Food consumed off campus44% Students with cars on campus84% Students with fridges or microwaves in their rooms62% Food that students consumed out-of-door BSB, Inc. facilities43% As a result of the survey conducted by Kershaw, she decided to include pizzas in the add-in. In addition to the fresh menu, Kershaw also introduced deli truly service (by bicycle) for its pizzas.Currently, away from placing the pizza making facilities at the grill, space is also being allocated at the grill to store pizza ingredie nts, as well as to prepare and horizontal surface pre-made pizza. In order to keep the cost down and provide fast speech, only a exceptional number of ? standard pizzas are supported in the menu. Challenges and Problems scorn the rise in gross sales and profit from the pizza operations, increase in demand for the pizza has led to capacity problems and increase in delivery times. As a result, the pizzas sales began to level off.Furthermore, Kershaw is concerned of the competition from a brand-new food court to be opened in campus which leave behind house pizza pie Hut, Dunkin Donuts and Taco Bell. Specifically, Pizza Hut willing be putting up a facility pass a springed menu and pizzas on a walk-up-and-order basis. Question 1 Does BSB, Inc. enjoy any rivalrous advantages or core competencies? Answer Competitive Advantage is the ability of a company to win consistently over the long term in belligerent situation. Core Competencies are the unique resources and strengths tha t an organizations management takes into account when formulating strategies.BSB enjoys competitive advantages or core competencies in a number of ways. a)Specialization BSB is a specialized food-services operator for universities and colleges. b) Experiences ? BSB has been serving the university for 10 years therefore they shake up first collapse knowledge relating to customer preferences and needs derived from their experiences in the market. For e. g. survey data. c)Existing facilities and services provided ? new entrants have to start from scratch. For e. g. location and delivery services in the university are very important due to the lack of parking spaces.d)Brand Recognition Familiarity among the campus community of the BSB ? brand as it has been in existence for some time. e)Close proximity Close proximity to the customers is full of life for pizza delivery as it allows quicker and lower cost delivery. Question 2 Initially, how did Renee Kershaw choose to use her pi zza operations to compete with off campus eateries? What were her competitive priorities? Answer Kershaw decided to use her pizza operations to compete with off campus eateries based on the following reasons a)Available resources ?Based on time, location and staff functional for Kershaw at that time, pizza operation is the most logical choice to be adopted in competing with off campus eateries. Pizza operations do not contend much time to be set-up. Furthermore she can run the operation from one of the available eateries (she decided at the Grill) and a minimal amount of staff training is overlookd to run the pizza operations. b)Food variety ? By introducing pizzas in the menu, Kershaw has somewhat addressed the problem of the lack of food variety by only implementing minimal changes in her normal operations. c)Catering for students tight schedules ?Through delivery services, Kershaw is able to cater for students with tight and erratic schedules. This decision is based on the hig h dower of food not purchased from BSB facilities whereby 36% of the food is delivered from off campus. Since pizza can be kept and reheated easily, going into the pizza business seemed like the best option for Kershaw because 62% of students in the university have fridges and microwaves in their rooms. Competitive Priorities are the critical dimensions that a process must possess to satisfy its internal or immaterial customers both now and in the future.Kershaws competitive priorities when choosing the pizza operations to compete with off campus eateries were a)Cost ? Low cost of operating since pizza operations require minimal staff training and delivery is done by bicycle. Limited combinations of toppings and ? standard pizzas available enable Kershaw to keep cost down. b)Flexibility ? Through minimal changes, Kershaw is able to add a selection of pizzas to her menu as part o her efforts to increase the variety of food offerings. c)Time ?The limited number of pizzas that can b e prepared and cooked would be able to speed up preparation and delivery time since ? standard pizzas can be pre-assembled and industrious-to-cook once orders are received. QUESTION 3 a) What carry on will the new food court have on Kershaws pizza operation? The immediate impact would be direct competition from other food operators. As announced by the University, the new food court would accommodate, among others, food franchises such as Dunkin Donuts, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut.BSB, Inc was the sole affirmer and provider of food services in the University campus prior to the announcement, thus it has, until recently, enjoyed somewhat monopoly status. Of even more concern to BSB is the fact that the new food operators are advent in as established brand names, hence making competing with them an even more difficult task. Competition to BSB, Inc would come in the form of alternative food types. Dunkin Donuts, for example, would offer snack-type food for the students, where as the likes of Taco Bell offers easy-to-go fast food. Students would find these types of food suitable for life on campus.Students are normally subject to febrile schedules and are always on the move, therefore having the convenience of easy and ready-to-go food services (as offered be the new operators) would suit them very well. Of more significance (to BSB) is the outcome of Pizza Hut on campus. Kershaws BSB has recently introduced grilled pizza as an item on its grill menu, and has so far enjoyed considerable supremacy too. Of course, this was before Pizza Hut came into the picture. There is little argument that Pizza Hut would provide the keenest and most direct competition to Kershaws pizza business.In fact, Pizza Hut, being a reputable and an established franchise coupled with its financial muscle, would be a serious and immediate threat to BSBs market share in pizza sales. However, Kershaw should take note of the fact that the Pizza Hut franchise on campus has its limitations. For one, the Pizza operator does not offer delivery service (for now), as it operates on a ? walk-up-and-order basis. Secondly, it is only offering limited selection of toppings for its pizzas, preferring to focus on a ? standard menu. QUESTION 3 b) What competitive priorities might she choose to focus on now?BSBs competitive priorities can be divided into three main categories Cost, Flexibility and Time. With the disposal of the new food court and the emergence of the new food franchises at the food court, Kershaws BSB would now have to decide which competitive priorities would give it a competitive advantage and thus allow it to dampen compete with its more established competitors. BSB may choose to focus on its wide array of food selection it provides on campus via its three main food facilities the Cafeteria, the Dogwood Room and the Grill.Compared to its competitors which serve mainly homogeneous products i.e. donuts, tacos and pizzas, BSB offers a better selection of food it ems including those offered by its competitors i. e. pizza, which may work to BSBs advantage in serving customers who desire for an ? expanded menu to satisfy their culinary instincts. As part of its efforts to offer a variety of food selection, BSB can also look at increasing the topping combinations for its pizza to compete head-on with Pizza Huts limited selection of toppings. BSBs efforts at expanding its menu should not be at the expense of spirit, while at the same time attempt to maintain the set for its food items.Another competitive priority that Kershaw and BSB would do well to leverage on is its ability to provide delivery service. Since BSBs competitors do not offer delivery service, BSB has an edge in this area, as students, which make up the majority of it customers, would usually prefer not to dine out given their hectic schedules. Also, BSBs customers would be able to enjoy food in the comfort of their own dwellings. In addition, Kershaw may want to set a minimum a mount limit for delivery orders to chequer the service remains cost viable, and also to ? encourage customers to order more food or higher priced food items.QUESTION 4 a) If she were to change the competitive priorities for the pizza operation, what are the gaps between the priorities and the capabilities of her processes. In its efforts to add variety to its food selection and in response to a customer survey conducted, BSB has started offering pizza to its customers. BSBs pizzas were well received by the students, and soon after, sales increased, resulting in higher profit margins for the company. However, the new found success comes with new challenges. Kershaw soon found that her existing capacity is not sufficient to cater for the increasing demand for her pizzas.She lacks storage space for pizza-making equipment and facilities i. e. ovens and space for her pizza ingredients. Her pizza operations are putting a strain on her other grill activities, which is forcing her to re-lo ok at some of the selection on the grill menu. Given her existing facilities, she faces the quandary of increasing her pizza supply at the expense of other food items. This may defeat her initial purpose of attempting to offer a variety of food selection. b)How might that affect her operating processes and capacity decisions?Kershaw was also faced with the problem of longer delivery time for her call-to-order pizzas. She deduced that the gap arising between her existing capacity and the growth demand for her pizzas has, to some extent, caused delivery time for pizza orders to slowly increase, possibly leading to ensuing complaints from its customers. The poor service (delay in delivery orders) may allure customers to seek alternative food services in and off campus. As a consequence of the gap, customers satisfaction may decline, potentially leading to loss of fastness and existing customers as they opt for alternatives.As a result, sales will suffer, and inevitably affecting BSB s bottom-line, if not immediate, in the long run. Lower margins and ultimately declining profitability will in turn impact the companys overall performance and viability as a going concern. QUESTION 5 What would be a good service strategy for Kershaws operations on campus to meet the food court competition? With the emergence of new food services in campus namely Dunkin Donuts, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut, Kershaw should first invest time and resources in understanding the impact of the emergence of these competitors on customer preferences. designed very well the fact that Pizza Hut are of world class standard with regards to quality and taste, Kershaw needs to come up with a better business strategy. Our group has deliberated on the following recommendations as part of Kershaws strategy 1. Offer Variety of Pizzas at Cheaper Price Off Campus food outlets, in particular those offering Pizzas have emerged as a serious source of competition to BSB. These food operators are likely to off er many pizza combinations. Thus, Kershaw could maintain its competitive advantage by offering a variety of pizza with a wide range of toppings at reasonable prices.The key to this strategy is to maintain quality and to innovate on product offerings. For instance, Kershaw could offer pizza selections which are different from what Pizza Hut currently offers (such as Spicy Tandoori Pizza, Vegetarian Pizza and Chicken glowing Pizza). This might allow the customers to have more choices that are superior in quality yet affordable. By offering Vegetarian Pizza which is not being offered by Pizza Hut, the international students who are vegetarians (i. e. students from India and China) could also indulge in the pizza. This could create a niche market for BSB among vegetarians.Due to the fact that the majority of the universitys residents are students who do not earn a fixed and stable income, Kershaw should offer pizzas that are affordable to them. To beat her competitors, Kershaw should s ell the pizza at lower prices than Pizza Hut. By offering a variety of pizzas at lower prices, Kershaw could increase the demand for its pizza, ultimately increasing its profits. 2. Maintain Good and Consistent Quality soul customer needs and maintaining good quality are paramount in ensuring success, especially in the food industry because customers are extra value aware when it comes what they ?consume i. e. food and beverage. For some customers, price may be of less importance compared to quality.Kershaw should continuously reinforce its pizza quality and standards to remain ? relevant with in-campus and off-campus customers. 3. send for Order and On-time Delivery Kershaws direct competitor, Pizza Hut could probably match BSBs pizza prices, but may lose out in terms of selection and delivery. Since Pizza Hut does not accept phone orders and do not offer delivery services, Kershaw should take advantage by offering these services to the customers.Kershaw should allow phone order s because most of the students face erratic schedules that discourage them from eating out In addition, the delivery should be made timely to ensure customers satisfaction. 4. Longer Operation Time Due to the fact that the schedule of students are tight and normally did not fit with cafeteria serving hours, Kershaw should extend its business operations until midnight. Some students tend to study until midnight and like to have supper. In fact, they will find the nearest food court for convenient. Many students tend to study and have a group discussion outside the library while having supper at the same time.Thus, it is important for Kershaw to extend its operation hours and serve food such as pizza or burger at the cafeteria. As a result, Kershaw could maintain its competitive advantage and compete against the likes of Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. 5. Expanding the Distribution Network Presently, Kershaw is rental three food-service facilities namely the cafeteria, Dogwood Room, and Sma ll Grill. However, she is nearing full capacity on her pizza operations and is looking to expand. Thus, she may have to consider a new location, as there seems to be limited space at the grill location.Clearly, she can choose to set up new convenient and attractive food-facilities such as the Kiosk and Bistro-type facilities, provided that the return on investment is worthwhile. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION In conclusion, by adding variety to the menu while maintaining the quality and delivery speed, it is affirmable for BSB to maintain its competitive advantage despite the emergence of new rivals such as Pizza Hut and Dunkin Donut. The increase in requests for additional topping combinations and levelling of sales suggest that BSB should expand its product variety.This suggests customers desire for a variety of selection, and the expanded hours will enable BSB to offer its services when the Pizza Hut is closed, or when students are in their dorm rooms. However, an increase in pro duct variety will affect both service and cost. Kershaw probably cannot have as many pre-made pizzas ready to be thrown into the oven. She will also need to stock additional toppings. If she wants to maintain good service, she will need to hire additional workers. Hence, there will inevitably be some trade-offs between quality service and cost if she decides to focus on product flexibility.

Islamophobia Essay

Islamophobia is controversy term that refers to perjudice and discrimination of Islam and muslim. It become more popular after attack of 11/9. Now, ill tell you about 11/9 issues, which is the series of 4 suicided attack organised by Al-Qaeda on the United states in 11 of september 2001. In that morning, 19 homes seized four passengers jet. And the hijackers intentionally crassh the 2 plane into PWTC in city of newyork. Thus, this tragedy had killed all passengers and most of the workers in the building involved. Both of towers collapsed within 2hours. incredulity quickly fell on the al-Qaedas leader which is Osama bin Laden at that time. As we know that alQaeda such a muslims organization. Based on what had happened to american in this tragedy made the outsiders phobia to Islam and think that Islam suched a terrorist religion. I can give you one opinion of a British journalis in the indipendent, Johan Harry.He argues that authentic Islamophobia exist and consist of the nation that is a uniquely evil religon, more definitly war, like a fanantical than cristianity or budism or early(a)s. For more clear, allow me tell you about a hindustan movies My Name Is khan and Im sure some of you have heard about this movie. The story about Rizwan Khan charactered by Shah Rukh Khan which is a sindrom Asperger. Hes meet his love in america state with a widow, mandira who is have a son named Sam. When they inflexible to married. Names of Sam should be change to Sameer Khan. And the name of khan create a prejudice Islam-christian. Until sameer Khan had been killed at the middle of the field in america by his friends. This is clearly shown the feelings of scared in american until they have to killed their own friends. In 1997 the British RunnymedeTrust defined that Islamophobia is as dread and hatred of Islam and let to the fear and dislike of all muslims.Stating that it also refers to the practise of discriminating againts muslims by excluding them from economic, social, pilitics and public life of the nation. It includes the perception that Islam has no values in common with other cultures is interior to the west and also is violent political ideology rather than a religion. The Runnymede report contrasted open and unkindly views of Islam, and stated that the following eight closed views are equated with Islamophobia 1. Islam is seen as a monolithic bloc, static and unresponsive to change. 2. It is seen as separate and other. It does non have values in common with other cultures, is not affected by them and does not influence them. 3. It isseen as inferior to the West. It is seen as barbaric, irrational, primitive, and sexist 4. It is seen as violent, aggressive, threatening, supportive of terrorism, and engaged in a clash of civilizations.

Too Connected to Social Media

Are we too connected? Last Monday was just an average Monday. My fri closure sent out a tweet about her upstart art show and so I wall posted her via facebook about the time and location in which she replied via a comment saying that she would give me a call. She followed up with a voicemail message and an invitation email, sent to my personal account of course. I then texted her telling of my availability and keenness to see her recent work. At the end of my Monday something occurred to me actually it was more like I was slapped in the face by the hand of modern technology.I had seemingly been communicating all day and yet somehow connected with nobody. I myself am an avid enthusiast of the joys of modern technology so you can see why I did not absorb this epiphany with composure. intercommunicate as an 18-year-old girl whose middle school years were marked by the likes of MySpace I feel as if I am very well better on the topic of digital communication. I have experienced first hand the infectious, consuming nature of social media sites.The internet allows me to instantly connect with my abroad relatives and at the same time sucks me into a vortex of procrastination. It would appear that somewhere between windows 98 and the ipad3 we as a society have manipulated ourselves into a unending state of flux endlessly devoted to the idea that we must always be connected. Digital Libraian and fournder of the Internet Archive Brewster Kahle explains, A solidifying of our brain, a lot of our worth to the world, a lot of our memories, are actually not in our heads anymore.Theyre actually in the Web, in the weave, in the interconnections, the friends that we can touch at a moments notice. Thats who makes us powerful. It would appear that for most of us technology is no longer just a tool. It is a family photo album, its our workspace, its dinner with friends at six. Teenagers change their profile page to reflect their ever-changing adolescent identities. Mothers a re swapping recipes and parenting advice online. Singles are reaching out, exposing who they are in search for love.Businessmen are uploading their resumes well-nigh in order to climb the corporate ladder. Technology has become inherent to the way in which we function daily. As this urgency to contact one some other grows so to does the learn to disconnect. Things are not as intimate as they once were. It would seem that were almost always in a customary space even from the privacy of our homes. This idea that we are always connected is in reality a false problem. You can turn the switch off, unplug, stop and so on. When is the last time you went without a piece of technology?Why we do rely on technology like an emotional crutch, supporting our need to interact? Technology will continue to rapidly grow and so too will knew and wonderful ways to connect globally. With this we must train ourselves. It is a hard truth, but we do not need to know what everybody is doing at every po int of the day. It is a matter of quality vs. quantity. Sometimes you have to meter away from the faceless monitor, let your IPhone run flat, stop sharing life so candidly and instead enjoy the simplicities

Chapter 2 Ap World History Summary

Chapter 2 AP World History Summery Each civilization faces challenges from politics to surroundings and everything in between. This chapter explains how each society became urbanized even though it was very tough. Nubia, China, Olmec, and Chavin are connected though each are separated by millions of miles and geologic isolation. In China, dynasties rule all everywhere the land the Shang dynasty begins Chinas history with the rise of power of its clans. It contains the earliest recorded writing documents, and they introduced bronzy during 2000 B.C. E. The region was ran by a warrior aristocracy who loved warfare, hunting, exchanging, feasting, and wine revelry the King of Shang always traveled for courts of his subordinates to reinforce their loyalty. Nomadic people that owned devastate regions, or steppe lands were given demonstration power also. Religion in the Shang dynasty was enforced, the Kings used divination to determine the will of their ancestors and Gods to win favor. N ubia is located in the Nile River Valley and was over run by the Egyptians because of they have gold mines.After Egypt took charge, Nubia became Kush and adapted the Egyptian culture. Nubia decided to help local Palestine who struggled with the Assyrians in 701 B. C. E. this was a mistake because the Assyrians invaded and overthrown Egypt so that do a downfall for Nubia. After a while, Nubia became in control again, they still kept the Egyptian language, however Sub-Saharan culture replaced the Egyptian culture when Meroe became infract suited for agriculture and trade. On the other side of the world, the Olmec civilization is completely isolated from the world.Its located in Mesoamerica which is one of the intimately impressive primeval civilizations. The Kings Power was used to make people build large scale irrigation and drainage works, and by the 1000 B. C. E, they have become a civilization. In addition to the geological isolation, Olmec have frequent volcanic eruptions an d earth quakes, and mountains that separate the region into micro environments. Evolution developed into urbanization and appearance of decently political and religious elites. The people were very advanced for their time they made he calendar and based their urban centers to reflect astronomical observations. The Olmec civilization influenced the Mayans and considered the around influential earliest Mesoamerican civilization. The most impressive early Urban South American civilization is Chavin. Its home to the most dense population. clavus increased the food supply of the coast and interior foothills, thus, allowing greater leverage for civilization. They have a form of political integration and trade dependency on its neighbors that may have relied on military force.Their religion was based on praising their royal ancestors and gods that can take on animal form. The most praised animal is the Jaguar human sacrifices were made at temple platforms. These civilizations became ver y complex as they advance with technologies, science, and math mathematics. Power was taken away, and given to in each society, and some are diminishing before us. They may be separated and isolated from each other by mountains, water, and hemispheres, but that doesnt separate the reading of each economic institutions politically, socially, and economically.

Rudolf diesel

Rudolf Diesel was born on March 18, 1858 in Paris France the instant of three children of Elise and Theodor diesel. Diesel spent is early childhood in France but because of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870 his family was forced to leave and moved to London. At 12 geezerhood old his parents sent him to live with his aunt and uncle because they wanted him to expect royal country trade school where his uncle was a math teacher and to become legato in German. At age 14 he wrote a allowter to his parents saying how he wanted to be an engineer after finishing his culture at top f his class, and then he enrolled at the new industrial school of Augsburg.Two years later he received a deservingness scholarship to attend the Royal Bavarian Polytechnic of Munich which he accepted instead of listening to his parents and starting work. Diesel could not graduate in July 1879 because he fell ill to typhoid (a bacterial disease resulting from ingestion of food or water exposed to feces). While he was waiting to take his scrutiny he got engineering experience at sluzer bros machine works. After graduating in 1880 diesel went to work for his college professor Carl Von Linde o develop a refrigeration and wish-wash factory, and became the director of the plant one year later.In 1890 he moved to Berlin where he started working toward better fuel thrift for steam engines, he tried using ammonia vapor to gain his desired fuel economy but the engine blew up during testing. Later he tried to increase fuel economy by using the Carnot cycle which led him to his own theory of compaction ignition engines, in these engines the fuel was not put into the cylinder until the end of the compression stroke and the fuel was ignited by the high temperatures from ompression.He obtained multiple patents for his design in the United States and Europe. After boarding a boat in 1913 to attend a meeting he was missing when the boat docked. A couple days later they found his body in the ocean but let the body back to sea after getting his id card and other things he was carrying. I think he was murdered because Hubert akroyd Stuart had put out a patent a couple years before diesel for a compression ignition engine but was told that diesels was slightly different so it was 0k. This is a clear motive for revenge

China’s Economic Growth and Demographic Structure Essay

Wei and Hao (2010) argue that changes in demographic structure have helped fuel Chinas scotch growth since 1989. Demographic structure is described as the age distribution of a creation (Wei & Hao, 2010) and is usually measured by the total dependence ratio, which is the ratio of the total number of the dependent universe of discourse to that of the meeting-age population. The economic growth refers to the income growth in China, measured by Chinas per capita GDP. 2. The relation amid Chinas economic growth and demographic structure Changes in demographic structure modify the economic growth in China, mostly in the retentive run (Wei & Hao, 2010).The decline in the dependence ratio accounted for about one-sixth of the provincial growth rate of GDP per capita in 1989-2004 (Wei & Hao, 2010). Declining dependency pass judgment imply that the working-age population is growing more rapidly than the population as a whole which entrust lead to more rapid growth of per capita GDP fo r any given increase in productivity per worker (Naughton, 2007). In other words, there are more productive workers with valuable human capital. curiously the modester youth dependency ratio, due to the increasing levels of education and government policies like the one chela policy, influenced the income growth in China.Furthermore, the launch of the food market reform is found to have greatly improved the qualification of the labor and capital markets (Wei & Hao, 2010) and thereby influence d the economic growth. Wei and Hao (2010) explain this by the effect of market reforms, which improved the flexibility of the labor market and the capital market and turned the expanded working-age population to manipulation and translated accumulated savings into productive investment. Another aspect argued by Naughton (2007) is the transforming of China from predominantly low skill, ticklish physical labor to a middle-income economy where education and skill begin to transform the natu re of work for many workers. Wei and Hao (2010) also suggest that economic growth has helped to lower birth evaluate, delay womens think up age at the first marriage and extend life expectancy. Due to Wei and Hao (2010) there is a turn back causality between demographic structure and economic growth.3. Impact of the One-Child PolicyAccording to Wei and Hao (2010) and Naughton (2007) the One-Child Policy has had measurable impacts on Chinas economic development but they also argue that it may film to be reconsidered. They argue that China is transitioning to an ageing society and if the one-child policy were to be relaxed, they expect birth rates to rise modestly and the rapid trend towards ageing would be ameliorated to some extent.In my opinion it is unsettled to change the one -child policy because I expect a fluctuating dependency ratio with periods of economic growth varied by periods with economic decline, because of the fluctuating working-age group. I think China needs to deal with one period with a high elderly dependency ratio to reach a long period with a more stable total dependency ratio. In other words, I think it is necessary to prevent periods varying from a high birth rate (allowed by the government) to a low birth rate (with policies to prevent the population to grow). Wei, Z. & Hao, R. (2010). Demographic structure and economic growth Evidence from China. journal of Comparative Economics, 38, 472-491. Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese economy Transition and growth. Cambrigde MA The MIT Press.

The Difference Between Administrative Management

CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATORS AND MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS-GHANA tolerate EXPERIENCE QUALFYING course overmatch PROFESSIONAL ADMINISTRATION PREPARED BY KWEKU OKOAMPAH SARPONG STUDENT NUMBERST/PEQP/AU/12/002 experience 10TH NOVEMBER 2012 Question 1 Discussed the difference between administrative focussing and pro cheek In some(prenominal) rail line venture the collective responsibility of the personnel running play it, is to make it profit equal and track d consume with a common goal of giving it an annual growth.A good and disciplined administration combined with streamlined solicitude is the prerequisites for running a profitable business and giving it annual growth. Professional Administration and administrative focussing be like two hands of a business that playact in synch to progress to the goals that argon set by the organisation. Administration is some sentences apply to refer to the activities of the toweringer level of the steering group who dete rmine major aim and policies. This contri thate be called the broader use of the term which frequently used in government department (e. g. he civil service). It is as well used in the narrow ace of runling the day to day running of the enterprise. Administration on nonpareil hand provides the organisation with the undeniable goals and workforce whereas management provided the means to achieve the goals effectively and efficiently. Brech defines administration as that part of the management demonstrate concerned with the institution ( evolution) and carrying out of procedures by which the programme is laid down and communicated, and the progress of activities is regulated and analyze against targets and plans. Robert C. Appleby (1994) draw ins administrative management as a sub- arranging in spite of appearance the contribute purlieu of an enterprise. The Institute of Administrative heed defined administrative management, within the context of office management, as tha t branch of management which is concerned with the operate of obtaining, recording and analyzing nurture, of planning, and of communicating, by means of which the management of a business safeguards its assets, promotes its affairs, and achieves its objectives?The administrative management function facilitates planning, coordinating, guiding and swanling activities across all functional areas in organizations. As such(prenominal), it lav be seen as the spooky arrangement of organizations, directing and coordinating all parts and ensuring that the whole body functions smoothly and efficiently. Administrative Management can in addition be said to be the process of creating information system and supervising its devolve from, and to a nonher(prenominal)s within an organization.Most job functions within a business involve performing some form of administrative management in order to store and pass on information to those within the company who neediness to use it in order to c ontri exclusivelye to the business. Professional administration on the some other hand is the theater of operations of contemporary organizational principles with an accent on their applications in the modern workplace whether in the administrative and lead skills of private, public organization, and non-profit organizations. This discipline is closely associated with public administration.The International Association of Administrative Professionals (IAAP) defines administrative headmasters or professional administrators as mortals who are responsible for administrative tasks and coordination of information in support of an office related environment and who are dedicated to furthering their individual(prenominal) and professional growth in their chosen profession. Professional Administration is alike around a framework of collective memorial tablet, conference, and the handling of information, in a rational approach to bring outing needs, do and implementing decisi ons, and monitor and reviewing performance.Professional Administration is a business management principle, concerned with total stakeholder interest, organizational bail, sound and strategic economic decision process, and estimable discipline on that point is a continuous debate whether or non management or administration is a profession. The pastime are the difference between Administrative Management and Professional Administration. In Administrative Management, there are no formal educational requirement for immersion It does non require specific clients. They serve a broad group of organisation. stockholders in that look upon is no system of accreditation or licensing In Administrative Management there is no pretend code of management morals that is universally enforced by peer review. There are no common bodies of k at one timeledge that are required for someone to be a manager. Where as in Professional Administration There embody a body of principles, skills an d techniques and specialized knowledge. There are similarly formal methods of acquiring training and experience. There are code of ethics regulating relations of professional persons with clients and colleagues. Such as the Hippocratic vow of medical professionals. There exist likewise mandatory continuous professional development programmes for members. Despite the preceding(prenominal) differences, we can say that management is coming closer than ever before to satisfy these criteria for professionals. This is seen in the development of skills and techniques, more than training facilities and greater use of management consultants. Question 2 Identify colloquy barriers and describe ways to remove them Effective chat is the essence of leaders and management. It is neither top-down nor bottom-up, but two-party and continuous.Related article Limitations of Administrative ManagementCombine unalike media and techniques to give the chastise meaning to the right good deal at the right time. Good parley of any kind always aims to meet the needs of all parties. comment Communication is the discriminatory response of an organism to a stimulus. It is a process by which information is transfer between or amongst individuals through a common system of symbols, signs and behavior (- Him street). Communication is the key promoter in the success of any organization. When it comes to effective communication, there are certain barriers that every organization faces.People practically feel that communication is as easy and simple as it sounds. While this is true on one level, what makes it complex, knockout and frustrating are the barriers that come in its way. There are several barriers that affect the lean of communication in an organization. These barriers interrupt the flow of communication from the sender to the receiver, therefore making communication ineffective. It is congenital for managers to overcome these barriers. The main barriers of commun ication are summarized below. Perceptual and Language Differences Perception is generally how for each one individual interprets the world around him. whole generally want to receive messages which are significant to them. But any message which is against their determine is not accepted. A corresponding event may be taken differently by different individuals. The linguistic differences also lead to communication breakdown. Same word may mean different to different individuals. Information Overload Managers are surrounded with a pool of information. It is essendial to view as this information flow else the information is likely to be misinterpreted or forgotten or overlooked.As a result communication is less effective. Time Pressures Often in organization the targets have to be achieved within a stipulate time period, the failure of which has adverse consequences. In a haste to meet deadlines, the formal channels of communication are shortened, or messages are partia lly given, i. e. , not completely transferred. Thus sufficient time should be given for effective communication. Distraction/ mental disorder Communication is also affected a lot by noise to distractions.Physical distractions are also there such as, poor lightning, uncomfortable sitting, unhygienic room also affects communication in a meeting. Similarly use of loud speakers interferes with communication. Emotions Emotional state at a particular point of time also affects communication. If the receiver feels that communicator is angry he interprets that the information being sent is very bad. While he takes it differently if the communicator is happy and jovial (in that case the message is interpreted to be good and interesting). Complexity in Organizational Structure Greater the hierarchy in an organization (i. e. more the number of managerial levels), more is the chances of communication getting destroyed. Only the people at the top level can see the overall picture while the people at low level unless have knowledge about their own area and a little knowledge about other areas. Poor retention Human memory cannot function beyond a limit. One cant always retain what is being told specially if he is not interested or not attentive. This leads to communication breakdown. There is a lot of communication barriers faced these days by all.The message intended by the sender is not understood by the receiver in the same terms and sense and thus communication breakdown occurs. It is substantive to deal and cope up with these communication barriers so as to regard smooth and effective communication. How to Remove/overcome these barriers of communication Eliminating differences in perception The organization should ensure that it is recruiting right individuals on the job.Its the responsibility of the interviewer to ensure that the interviewee has command over the written and spoken language. There should be proper Induction program so that the po licies of the company are clear to all the employees. There should be proper trainings conducted for required employees (for e. g. Voice and Accent training). Use of transparent Language Use of simple and clear words should be emphasized. Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided. Reduction and elimination of noise levels Noise is the main communication barrier which must(prenominal) be overcome on priority basis.It is essential to identify the source of noise and then eliminate that source. Active Listening Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between listening and hearing. Active listening means hearing with proper intellectual of the message that is heard. By asking questions the speaker can ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the receiver in the same terms as intended by the speaker. Emotional relegate During communication one should make effective use of body language.He/she should not show their emotions while commu nication as the receiver might misinterpret the message being delivered. For example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad mood then the receiver might think that the information being delivered is not good. Simple Organizational Structure The organizational structure should not be complex. The number of hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be an ideal span of manipulate within the organization.Simpler the organizational structure, more effective go out be the communication. Avoid Information Overload The managers should know how to prioritize their work. They should not overload themselves with the work. They should spend quality time with their subordinates and should listen to their problems and feedbacks actively. Give Constructive Feedback Avoid giving negative feedback. The contents of the feedback might be negative, but it should be delivered constructively. Constructive feedback will lead to effective communication between the superior and su bordinate. Proper Media plectron The managers should properly select the medium of communication. Simple messages should be conveyed orally, like face to face interaction or meetings. Use of written means of communication should be encouraged for delivering complex messages. For significant messages reminders can be given by using written means of communication such as Memos, Notices etc. flexibleness in meeting the targets For effective communication in an organization the managers should ensure that the individuals are meeting their targets well-timed(a) without skipping the formal channels of communication.There should not be much pressure on employees to meet their targets. Question 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of having one person hold the offices of chairperson of the Board and chief executive officer? merged management unremarkably consists of a get along of directors and corporate officers. The display panel appoints the senior corporate of ficers, such as the chairman, and chief decision maker officer. Some companies combine the Chairman and CEO roles, while others appoint different individuals for each position. Advantages Having clear and unadorned authority concentrated in one person is essential to effective management.Unity of command creates clear lines of authority to which management (and the board) can respond more effectively Another advantage is, in an environment where strong, directive, stable, and unperplexed leadership is seen as critical to organizational success this kind of legitimacy is an important signal to stakeholders about who is responsible. Having one person combining the CEO and Chair positions enhances the boards management performance. The board management responsibilities require that it make key decisions affecting the company. A combined CEO-Chair, provides the board with more complete and timely information about the company, provides the company with a unified command str ucture and a consistent leadership direction, and creates a collaborative and collegial environment for board decision making Board Chair who also serves as the CEO is likely to spend more time at the company, to have more minute information about the strengths and weaknesses of the company, and to have a deeper sympathiseing of the operational and financial health of the company. Disadvantages There is a conflict of interest on one person hold some(prenominal) position of a board chairman and a CEO of an organization. When the chairman is also the CEO, Management has a de facto control. Yet the board is so-called to be in charge of management. Checks and balances have been thrown to the wind. Having a one acting as a board Chair and a CEO of the company it does not bring fresh knowledge and an brainwave to the boards decision-making process. Another disadvantage is that once the there is a of separating the CEO and Chair positions the board will not be able to performs its monitoring role better when there is a nonexecutive Chair.The monitoring role requires directors to exert oversight over corporate managers in order to detect and discipline managerial inefficiencies and misconduct. Thus, duality may cause failure by the board to effectively monitor and control. 3. b) What are the pros and cons of selecting an insider versus an outlander?Pros for an insider A positive wave in the next line of managers that laboured-work will pay off and they can get a promotion if they can prove themselves. Being well known to the decision makers He /she would know the existing processes and flows in them and would be easily able to identify the weak-links easily and can be restored with their expertise. Existing domain business and organization culture knowledge would help internal CEO. Will change magnitude the confidence in level of every employee and make them believe that everyone will have equal luck of getting promoted to next if they ca n perform. Would be able to team up easily with existing team and would be able to guide them in showing them current path or direction. Cons for an insider The inevitable aim of adversaries within the organization who may work subtly to tarnish the performance of the refreshful CEO sometimes if he/she is not able to bring up the new ideas it could washout the bringing in new person. Acceptance of new CEO from within would be a question when he/she has been picked up from the secant line of management. Having their weakness well known to the selection groupPros for an outsider Would be able to bring new ideas based on their experiences from different work culture where they have been working Will be able to see things as an outsider easily and so will be able to provide disciplinary actions whenever required. Could bring a positive energy into existing workforce when they were not able to see any light of accept with existing process or management. Would bring in best p ractices from the other organisations he/she might have worked with and very much helpful if he is having past experience in interchangeable domain. Act as a catalyst for change, for example loosen established patterns. Entering into an atmosphere of optimism and hope to capitalize strongly on the opportunity at hand. Cons for an outsider Recommending precisely what insiders had been unsuccessfully suggesting for ages or befuddled recommending what insiders had been unsuccessfully suggesting for ages. Absence of strong kinships with twain major vendors and customers and perhaps a narrow window within which to build them Explaining things in ways that annoyed insiders or made them feel misunderstood, under-represented or wronged. Initials board scruple of the candidates ability to lead the enterprise as a result of the new CEOs lack of understanding and the appreciation of the enterprise. Question 4 What elements would characterize an effective working descent between a Boa rd and a CEO? The board of directors chooses the CEO and delegates to him or her, the responsibility for running the company. Thus begins a hopefully productive, albeit complex, relationship. The boards role in this relationship is first to understand and approve of the CEO? s strategies and plans and then to monitor the execution of those plans and to periodically evaluate the results.Finally, the board must decide whether, when, and how it should intervene. How the board executes its role is critical to the success of the relationship and, ultimately, of the business. The essential relationships will provide both the board and CEO with a clear understanding of the effective CEO-Board relationship and to enable boards and CEO to both assess and improve their current performance in delivering against each of their relationship attributes. The following are some of the identified element that will characterize an effective relationship between a Board and a CEO Commits to act in the best interest of the organisation.All parties recognize and embrace their obligation to work in the best interest of the organisation Builds close but independence relationships Board members should not let personal friendships with the CEO interfere with carrying out their responsibilities. Independence of board members from a CEO does not require an adversarial relationship to the contrary, the parties must establish and develop effective ways of communicating and working together in a collaborative partnership built on mutual respect.All parties work to build robust professional relationships but ensure that these relationships demonstrate the independent required for the CEO to do his/her job and for the board to maintain objectivity in reviewing the CEOs recommendations and performance. Establishes distinct roles and responsibilities both the Board and the CEO maintains clearly defined and communicated roles and responsibilities. All parties are completely knowledgeable abou t their own responsibilities and the responsibilities of their counterpart. Effectively advises the CEO the board serves as a critical mentor and advisor to the CEO.Beyond ability to advice on the content of strategic decisions, the chairman provides thoughtful, actionable guidance on how to effectively translate strategy into action. The board maintains an open-door policy for the CEO to seek guidance. Establishes precise first moment all parties set distinct expectations for themselves and for each other. All parties establish clear objectives. All parties keep their promises. Demonstrates humility, self-awareness and a low-ego approach all parties bring a genuine level of intellectual and professional humility to each interaction.They are all self aware of their strength, weakness and limitations. They are comfortable with having their ideas rigorously challenge. Board members should not let personal friendships with the CEO interfere with carrying out their responsibilities . Demonstrate honesty, trust, respect and transparency all parties work to establish relationships characterized by the highest standards of honesty, trustworthiness, respect and transparency. All parties work to create an environment characterizes by mutual respect and are fully transparent regarding their opinions, plans and underlying motivations.To execute its responsibilities well, the board must have a workable governance model. Such a model should address issues central to establishing and maintaining an effective process for making and administering corporate policy. A governance model should include routine approaches to the following Choosing or clarifying the business or businesses in which the corporation will operate Hiring the right people in terms of both their abilities and their value Aligning the interests of the board and management with those of the shareholders Developing mutually agreeable goals, policies, and standards of performance for the CEO Evaluatin g plans to achieve agreed-upon goals remain knowledgeable about the unfalterings activities and performance and evaluating the results Reacting appropriately to the results by holding management accountable and rewarding or intervening as necessary Boards of directors creating and following this or a similar governance model should be well on their way to establishing productive partnerships with their CEOs. Board members are advised to rally the par derive importance of hiring an effective CEO for the firm.The right person for the situation will strive to form Problems that might exist and seek to improve upon established methods. The wrong person, however, is likely to create new problems for the firm and the board. Question 5 a) Examine the importance of eradicating unobjectionable ruffle offensive activity and its impact on the honor of the CEO. Criminologist and sociologist Edwin Sutherland first popularized the term white collar offense in 1939, defining such a umbr age as one attached by a person of respectability and high societal locating in the course of his occupation. Sutherland also included crimes move by corporations and other legal entities within his interpretation. Sutherlands study of white collar crime was prompted by the view that criminology had incorrectly focused on societal and economic determinants of crime, such as family background and level of wealth. According to Sutherlands view, crime is commit at all levels of society and by persons of widely divergent socio-economic backgrounds. In particular, according to Sutherland, crime is often committed by persons operating through large and powerful organizations.White collar crime, Sutherland concluded, has a greatly-underestimated impact upon our society. Sutherlands definition is now somewhat outdated for students of the criminal law. As white collar crime began to capture the attention of prosecutors and the public in the mid-1970s, the term came to have definitions quite different from the one Sutherland used. Indeed, studies have shown that crimes we generally get word white collar, such as securities fraud and tax fraud, are committed not just by persons of high social status but by people of divergent backgrounds.Thus, although the term white collar crime is a misnomer, it continues in widespread use. This is probably so because white collar crime provides a convenient moniker for distinguishing such crime in the public mind from common or street crime. Definitional, therefore, white collar crime is an activity committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation?. Furthermore, crimes undertaken by corporations and other legal entities are also encompassed in this definition. Types of White-Collar CrimeThere are several tokens of white collar crimes, which include, but not limited to Corporate fraud This can involve activities such as falsification of financial information including false chron icle entries, bogus trades designed to inflate profit or hide losses and false transactions designed to evade regulatory oversight. Self-dealing by corporate insiders, including Insider trading, kickbacks, backdating of executive stocks option, misuse of corporate property for personal gain, and individual tax violations related to self-dealingFinancial fraud Healthcare fraud Altered or fabricated medical bills and other documents, excessive or unnecessary treatment or surgeries, Internet pharmacy fraud, auto accident indemnification fraud, Medicare prescription drugs, prescription of dangerous drugs, medical equipment, and hospital fraud. This is usually carried out by different aspects of a health care system and could include billing for services not rendered payment claims different from the rendered services, iterate billingMortgage fraud Mortgage fraud indicators includes inflated appraisals, increased commissions/bonuses, falsification of loan applications, fake supportin g loan documentation,. Such mortgage fraud schemes include property flipping, corporate identity theft, use or menace of fixruptcy to dupe home owners, inflated appraisals Insurance fraud premium diversions, workers compensation fraud asset forfeiture or money laundering and Occupational Crime Occupational crime occurs when crimes are committed to promote personal interests.Crimes that fall into this category include Altering books by accountants and overcharging or cheating clients by lawyers. Organizational or Corporate Crime/fraud A much more costly type of white collar crime occurs when corporate executives commit criminal acts to benefit their company. There are a variety of corporate crimes that include the creation of inferior products drugs. Eradicating white collar crime and its impact on the integrity of the CEO To obviate white collar crime and its impact on the integrity of the CEO, the following measures needs to be put in place Law and punishmentAccording to Ball a nd Friedman (1977320), statues aimed at economic regulation (white-collar crime) often provide multiple, alternative sanctions. The sanctions may include cease and desist orders, injunctive divestiture proceedings, and awards of damages, monetary fines or forfeitures, seizures of goods, revocations of business or occupational licenses and prison sentences. They concluded that direct imprisonment is generally considered criminal sanctions whereas fine or money penalty, awards or damages and other forms of non-criminal sanctions are classified as civil or regulatory sanctions. Increased surveillanceInstitutions may decide to increase surveillance that aid in crime prevention, such activities may include auditing of accounts by external auditors in cases that involve embezzlement of gold in institutions, retraining stave so that there will be reduced frauds in an institution. Social control theory The social control theory was developed by Travis Hirsch, this theory states that th e socialization process helps individuals to develop social control and also help individuals to restrain from antisocial behavior however he stated that there are three forms in which crime could be eradicate or controlled.From the above explanation of the social control theory the occurrence of white collar crime can be prevented by direct control which involves increased threats of punishment, conscience will also help individuals to refrain from criminal acts, the close relatives will also restrain people from committing crimes and finally the need joy which will lender the individuals not to involve themselves in crime.For the white collar crimes there is need to compensate those who hold high offices with a sustainable amount of salary or wage, this will build control as depicted by the need satisfaction form of control, these officials will have no need to engage in criminal activity, direct control should also be reinforced through the judicial system and the police force, this will increase threats that will eventually reduce the occurrence and frequency of white collar crimes. Judicial systemThe judicial system has a major role to play in the prevention and control of the white collar crimes, degeneracy in the judicial system has also resulted to the increased occurrence of these crimes, wealthy people who commit this crimes have the funds to hire and corrupt the judicial system to win their way out of prison, therefore it is important to eradicate corruption in the judicial system in order to control such crimes. Corruption can be reduced by increased salaries to judges and also the development of organizations which specializes in dealing with corruption cases in the judicial system. Corporate initiatives Companies, banks, and financial institutions should play a vital role in fighting or eradicating white collar crime. For instance the Bank of Ghana has directed commercial banks to enhance the security characteristics of cheques to prevent fak e cheques scams. The characteristics include the paper which is sensitive to chemical substances, the watermark, ultra-violet ink . on-the-job training is essential to ensure that the staffs are competent to detect fraud. Ethics A lot of white-collar crimes are committed by persons at managerial and executive levels.Hence, the root of the matter would be that ethics should be find by those in these positions of trust as they are more prone to committing such crimes because of the opportunities available to them by virtue of their positions. In a capitalist society, management and corporate subjects do not give emphasis to the questions of ethics. Career development of employees is based more on their job performance rather than high ethical standards. The capitalist framework which demands profit maximization and the corporate structure that emphasizes on production deadlines and quota have often created an arena for unethical business practices.To arrest this problem, corporate l eaders and top level management should be exemplary examples of ethics and integrity. An explicit code of conduct and business ethics should be adopted that managers and executives are required to read, sign and follow. Apart from this, companies must develop a corporate climate that places ethical values above others. 5. b) Discussed the challenges in the fight against white collar crime. White collar crimes invoke non-threatening images of guys in suits. And naturally we treat such individuals with respect and courtesy rather than fear and severity.It appears at times that our justice system does not place adequate emphasis on fraud and other white collar crimes in particular when it is considered a non-violent victimless crime. One disturbing fact is how the offense is sensed, not as a criminal offense at all, but as simple bad judgment on the part of victims, by both the general public and by the victims themselves. This perception can lead to a tendency to blame the victims for their own losses. It affects how society sees the victims, and how the victims see themselves.This in turn can influence the way the offense is treated by law-enforcement and regulatory agencies, and when offenders are convicted, by the courts which sentence them. Compared to the murderers, rapists and urban gangsters that get the headlines, white-collar criminals just dont scare the public very much. They dont leave a chalk outline on the sidewalk or blood spatter on the wall. So while violent crimes demand a high profile response from the police, the cost of white collar crime is significant but hard to measure in human costs. The following are the challenges in the fight against white collar crime Underestimation of LossesThe price tags attached to some economic crimes are so staggering that they are difficult to comprehend. As an example, the price of bailing out a single corrupt savings and loan institution surpassed the total of all the bank robberies in American history. Recent FBI statistics place the average take of an armed bank robbery at $3,177 while the Data Processing Management Association reports that the average computer crime loss to banks may be as high as $500,000. The Best Lawyers A white-collar criminal, now rich off the spoils of others, can afford the best lawyers. LeniencyMany law-makers and judges are of the mind that, with an already overloaded justice system, jails should be used for violent offenders only, so fraudsters are given what are perceived as lenient sentences, or an absurdly low penalty in comparison to the crime committed, such as alternative sentencing (e. g. warnings, probation etc. ) or by buying their way out of prison by paying a fine or restitution. Police Resources While few laws are enforced atomic number 6%, white collar crime has a much lower margin of non-enforcement. Fraud and other white collar crime is not a priority for police departments.They are required to devote their resources to crimes of f orce out and, due to lack of trained personnel and financial resources, are not always able to suss out and prosecute suspected fraud and other white collar crime cases. Favourable Laws Laws are generally written in favour of the white-collar criminal. People who commit white-collar crimes are sometimes the same people who are in a position to see to it that their crimes are not defined too negatively. Individual Perception Whereas the impact of white-collar criminals on the nation is great, the cost to each individual is small.White-collar crimes do not impact individuals with the same intensity as when one individual is victimized by a petty criminal. REFERENCES 1. Institute of professional Administrators www. iqps. org/ 2. International Association of Administrative professionals www. iaap-hq. org 3. What is an Administrative Professional? Who are Administrative Professionals? By Karen Porter (http//www. theeffectiveadmin. com/articles-for-administrative-assistants/administrat ive-professionals/) 4. Elthan F Becker and Jon Wortmann(2009) Mastering Communication at Work 5. www. utor2u. net/business/people/communication_barriers. asp communication Barriers 6. Effect of Communication Barriers in Business Communication www. managementstudyguide. com/effect-of-communication. 7. Robert C Pozen. (Nov 2009), Harvard Business check up on 8. www. managementstudyguide. com 9. www. slideshare. net 10. Journal of Corporate Finance 3(1997) 189-220 11. White collar crime in Malaysia 12. www. articlesalley. com 13. www. crime-of-persuation. com 14. Professional Administration command Principles and Discipline for the Timeless Executive, (2011) Samuel Mawusi Asafo CMC, CIPM.SMA International Printrite Inc. Ghana CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATORS AND MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS-GHANA P. O. Box LG 645, Legon, Accra. Tel. 028 954 0066 POST EXPERIENCE QUALIFYING PROGRAMME TAKE HOME EXAMINATION BATCH JANUARY, MAY & SEPTEMBER 2012 SUBJECT PROFESSIONAL ADMINISTRATION SUBMISSIO N DATE SATURDAY 10TH NOVEMBER 2012 Reference Material Professional Administration Guiding Principles and Discipline for the Timeless Executive, (2011) Samuel Mawusi Asafo CMC, CIPM. SMA International Printrite Inc. Ghana ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS, TYPE WRITTEN IN 1. 5 SPACING ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS QUESTIONS 1.Discuss the difference between Administrative Management and Professional Administration. 2. Identify communication barriers and describe ways to remove them 3. a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of having one person hold the offices of Chairman of the Board and CEO? b) What are the pros and cons of selecting an insider versus an outsider? 4. What elements would characterize an effective working relationship between a Board and a CEO? 5. a) Examine the importance of eradicating white collar crime and its impact on the integrity of the CEO. b) Discuss the challenges in the fight against white collar crime.

Initial Public Offerings Essay

An Initial Public offering or IPO is the very first offering of a firms be make or shargons on the stock market, when the firm goes overt (Business Dictionary.com, 2014). Not all businesses should or need to take this r knocked out(p)e. In the following paragraphs we ordain describe an initial macrocosm offering for a global firm, along with certain roles, set bulges, take chancess, and hostile exchanges. When most businesses start up, they argon privately held. This means that the lodge is only owned by a few people and do not have shares. It is not cheap or easy for a alliance to become publicly traded. In some cases the bene outfits of firing public outweigh the costs of going public. There are several benefits that come with going public such as, a higher valuation, greater liquidity in public markets, and greater access to capital, attract top talent by enabling the company to grant stock options or restricted stock awards, growth, and grab the attention of other co mpanies. excessively before a company goes public, they must meet basic financial requirements, depending on the exchange the company depart be listed in. These exchanges are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), NASDAQ Global Select Market, and S&P 500. When a company is getting ready to go public, it must find investment bankers to invest into the business. coronation bankers must have sales and distribution capabilities needed for a successful execution of the IPO, and can yield strong analyst coverage once you go public. The investment bankers that are chosen must fit personality-wise, have good research and analyst coverage, knowledge and understanding of the business and the industry, and whether that bank has brought other companies public in this sector (Wasserman, 2010, How to prepare a Company for an IPO). When a company is getting ready to issue stock, there are risks to the company when offering securities (stock). This is when an underwriter steps in. An underwriter of fers to take some ofthe risk of the offering in exchange for a premium.They buy the securities from the issuer and then turn around to sell them on the stock market. The issuer gets cash up front instead of waiting to sell stock on their own. The company knows that they are not getting full market value but they no longer have the risk of having to find enough buyers to purchase the stock at a desirable impairment ( innumerable, 2014, underwriters). Underwriters do not mind this deal because they can sell the stock at a higher price and make a profit. The originating house is an investment brokerage firm or several investment bankers joined together to manage the underwriting and sale of a new issue of stock to the general public (US sanctioned Definitions, 2014, Originating house). A syndicate is a temporary association of investment bankers brought together for the purpose of selling securities in addition called a purchase group (allbusiness.com, 2014, Syndicate). One of the investment bankers in this group, usually from the originating house, is selected to manage the syndicate.There are two types of underwriting syndicates, divided and undivided. In a divided account, the liability of each member investment banker is restrain in terms of participation. Once a member sells the securities assigned, that investment banker has no additional liability disregarding of whether or not the other members are able to sell their portion of the security or not. In an undivided account, each member is liable for unsold securities up to the amount of its percentage participation irrespective of the number of securities that investment banker has sold. Most syndicates are based on the undivided account arrangement (allbusiness.com, 2014, Syndicate).When the pricing of the issue or putting a starting price on shares of stock occurs, IPO investors, the issuers board of directors and the underwriters get out set a price at which the company and any selling stockholde rs will agree to sell shares to the underwriters at closing. The pricing usually occurs after the close of the markets on the final daylight of the road show the stock will begin trading on the exchange on a when issued basis the next morning (Wasserman, 2010, inc.com). The company that issues the shares controls the IPO process along with the underwriters. The SEC does not inflect business IPO share and how many they use or how shareholders they have.There are only a limited numbers of broker-dealers most of the underwriters hit investors of wealth because they can buy lager blocks of IPOs shares and can hold the investorsfor long team. Some ricks in public offering losing the company to investors and the public. Going public you must share all information such as financial reporting and how the company is ran. By going public the company gives up all information to the SEC, the shareholders and, public. A discussion of any remote exchange risks the company can face with your id eas about how to mitigate themOne risk would be for the investors how because when exportation or importing the product the changes in currency exchange rate and the investor may lose funds on the investment or could gain on the investment also, to do converted back into the watercourse currency. Also the company could lose lots of money in other countries but, the risk may out way the shitty for investors and the company. Investors like taking risk and if they believe it will out way the bad then they will take the risk to mitigate the company. In conclusion, not all companies can endure or meet all of the special requirements to become an IPO. Sometimes it is not necessary for companies to become IPOs. If you are a company considering going public, check into all the options and all of the requirements needed for the market in which you will be listed. The choice is up to you and all others involved in the decision.ReferencesAll Business. (2014). Syndicate Definition. Retrieve d from http//www.allbusiness.com/glossaries/syndicate/4944704-1.html Boundless Finance. (2014). Boundless Underwriting. Retrieved from http//www.boundless.com/finance/textbooks/ Business Dictionary. (2014). IPO Definition. Retrieved from http//www.businessdictionary.com Titman, S., Keown, A. J., & Martin, J. D. (2014). Financial Management Principles and applications (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice. U.S. statutory Definitions. (2014). Originating House definition. Retrieved from http//www.definitions.uslegal.com/0/originating-house-underwriting/ Wasserman, E. (2010). How to Prepare a Company for an Initial Public Offering. Retrieved from http//www.inc.com/guides/preparing-for-initial-public-offering.html