Nelson Mandela's leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nelson Mandela's leadership - Essay Example According to Connor and Mackenzie-Smith (2003: 59), â€Å"leadership is an active interaction with the world and involves bringing into being new possibilities from within real constraints†. Mandela’s leadership was based on his philosophy and way of thinking. His cause and persuasive methods were able to win him many followers and ultimately, adversaries also became his friends. In his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom, Mandela states that â€Å"South Africa will be free only after it achieves the freedom to be free†. He believed that by achieving physical freedom alone, liberty was not possible. It was also essential to support the freedom of others, and live the right life which gives self-respect and confidence (Mandela, 1994: 685). An outline of Nelson Mandela’s life story: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela’s father was a Xhosa chief of a small village near the capital Transkei in South Africa, where he was born in 1918. Africans living in their own country were discriminated against by the white minority rulers. As a leader of the African resistance that struggled for freedom from apartheid, Mandela was imprisoned for several years. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his struggle against apartheid and was elected as the first black president of South Africa (Mandela, 1994). Nelson Mandela set up law practice in Johannesburg in 1952. Earlier, in 1944, he joined the African National Congress (ANC) which included non-Africans. They tried for resolution in the conflict by a peaceful struggle against aparthed, using non-violent means. The state responded with violence against the Africans. Mandela was elected president of the African National Congress in 1951 and worked for the elimination of discriminatory laws. He led the ANC resistance movement in 1951-1952, was banned and jailed several times (Mandela, 1994). From 1961, the non-violent resistance was given up for violent methods. Mandela was jailed for five years because he illegally

Valuation methods and approaches tehcniques of tesco plc Essay

Valuation methods and approaches tehcniques of tesco plc - Essay Example Tesco plc is a super market firm in the London Stock Exchange, and it is very essential to evaluate the financial approaches and techniques of the entity. Capital budgeting of an entity means planning for capital assets. The decision about capital budgeting helps to determine whether or not the money should be invested in long term projects. As far as the Research and Development projects of Tesco plc is taken in to consideration, for the purpose of taking the better decision, the fundamental project evaluation techniques like Pay back period, ARR (Accounting or Average Rate of Return), NPV (Net Present Value), or IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is applicable. From this fact it is clear that under the present value method, the present value of all cash in flows is compared against the present value of all cash outflows. The difference between the present value of cash inflows and out flows are known as the net present value. The discount rate for obtaining the present value is some desired rate of return which may be equal to the cost of capital of a company. In addition to this, it is necessary to consider about the concepts like book value, market value, present value, price earning ratio etc. for analyzing the financial viability of Tesco plc. There is a great difference between both concepts like book value as well as market value in case of accounting point of view. The weights to be used can be either book value weights or market value weights. Book value weights are easier to calculate and can be applied consistently. Market value weights are supposed to be superior to book value weights as component costs are opportunity costs and market values reflect economic values. However these weights fluctuate frequently and fluctuations are wide in nature. Both the concept of book value and market value is differ, because book value of the firm or book value weights remains constant, but the market value weights are goes on fluctuating. While computing WACC,

History of Democracy and Human Rights

History of Democracy and Human Rights This essay is going to be about some of the philosophers whose thoughts about democracy and human rights affected the declaration of human rights, and also about the deceleration itself. The first evidence of Human rights were given by Cyrus the great around 539 BC. After conquering Babylon he had the Cyrus cylinder created stating that he overthrew the old king and that he had greatly improved the lives of Babylonians. This is considered to be one of the first human rights charters as it is said that Cyrus freed slaves and said that every one should have freedom of religion. Whether it was put into action scholars disagree about, some say it is propaganda to win the hearts of his newly conquered city. Nonetheless he was the first leader to have those ideas. Democracy means people rule in Greek and ancient Greece is considered to be the home of democracy. But only a few select were allowed to vote. Is that really people rule? Plato was sceptic to people rule and thought that people were not to be trusted with power as they are easily swayed by strong leaders. In Platos masterpiece The Republic he suggests many different types of government and today it would not be a good manual for a good government as Plato strived for an utopian society. The governments suggested in The Republic do not resemble modern republics and constitutional monarchies. But some dictatorships can resemble Platos Utopia. Plato however suggested that women and men should have equal rights which is very relevant to human rights. Aristotle, unlike Plato, was not concerned with creating a perfect society. He wanted to improve the existing one. However he was, like Plato also sceptical towards democracy or mob rule. In Aristotles ideal state an Enlightened king would rule alongside the help of an Educated Aristocracy and a Popular Assembly that respected the rule of law. This idea resembles the current U.S. Model. Aristotle however believed that it was the womans role to obey as it was for the mans to command. Other philosophers are John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, we can clearly see similarities between their ideas, and how our modern society is formed. Thomas Hobbes believed that: Each man must be contented with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself , that is similar to the golden rule: Treat others as you wish to be treated yourself. Hobbes lived in the time when the English civil war took place, he believed that humans are greedy and evil. John Locke on the other hand, believed that people are good and tolerant. He said that: People are free to do whatever they want as long as they do not damage someone elses: life, health, liberty or possessions. He also believed that : Everyone must agree to hand over power to one central authority whose job it is to impose the law and severely punish law-breakers. John Locke had a more optimistic view on mankind whilst Thomas Hobbes had a more negative view on man. Hobbes would compare man to beasts except for one difference, man was always competing for honour and dignity: Are continually in competition for honour and dignity (Leviathan, XVII, p.111) These philosophers may not have directly affected the democracy we have today, but with their ideas they are sure to have influenced many other thinkers in helping to create the government we have today. It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried. Winston Churchill. The universal declaration of human rights was born on December 10, 1958 and is not a legally binding document. It was not made legally binding because if it was then no countries would have adopted it. As it is today the countries that want to make it legal can only do so by incorporating it into the constitution. Article one and two can be seen as the foundation blocks of the human rights. They are negative rights because they restrict people from discrimination. The articles state that: everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration. The main point of the two articles is that everyone are equal and free without any form of discrimination. The ideas about equality between men and women can be found in Platos ideas about equality women should be treated equally with men Articles 3, 4 and 5 state that everybody should be secure and free and that nobody should be denied their security and freedom. The problem with these articles is that they are very vague and can be interpreted differently by each country. A topic that is widely discussed is abortion, the declaration of human rights clearly state that everyone has the right to live. But when does that right take action? When the child is conceived or when the child is born? Article 26 discusses the issue of education. It goes back to the foundation blocks saying that everyone has the equal right to education no matter what sex, race or nationality. It also says that the guardians have the authority to the education for their child, until they come of legal age. The right to education can be seen in Jeremy Benthams ideas, he called for right to education for all Article 17 talks about the right to own property and not to be deprived of it without any concrete evidence. This right could be based on John Lockes idea about property and profit: private ownership of property and profit meaning that no government or state has the right to claim your property and profit. Article 21 consists of positive rights that give you the right to affect the choice of government. It gives you the right to vote no matter sex or race and to do so anonymously and free of cost. Jeremy Bentham believed in voting rights for working men and women. Thomas Hobbes and the natural law tradition by norberto bobbio 1993 i think and translated by Daniela Gobetti

Good Characteristics to Live By in The Chosen by Chaim Potok :: essays research papers

Qualities of a Good Person What are things that make someone a good person? Is it their ability to get along with other people? How about the choices that the person makes? Or is it the way that he or she treats his or herself and others? All of the qualities make someone a good person. In the novel The Chosen by Chaim Potok, Danny and Reuven learn many qualities that make them to be better people. Respect, responsibility, and honesty are all important qualities for one to have in order to become a better person. Respect is a characteristic that all people should show in every aspect of their lives. It is very important to show respect in a work situation. People must show respect to their bosses in order to keep their jobs. Even more important is for people to have a respectful manner when dealing with their clients. If they do not show respect for the client, then the client will find somebody else to do business with. Another place that respect should be shown is at home. Parents must show respect for their children so that the children will listen to them. Disrespectful parents will find it difficult to have a good relationship with their children. Children who show respect for their parents and siblings will find it much easier to receive more privileges. A lack of respect towards the members of one?s family can create a very uncomfortable home life. Having an uncomfortable home life can cause grades to go down and ability to function well with others to decrease. People should also hav e respect for themselves. Having respect for oneself makes that person have better feelings for his or herself. If people cannot respect themselves then how are they going to be able to show respect for others? Also respecting oneself makes it easier for other people to respect that person. The ability to take responsibility for ones jobs and actions is a very important quality for a person to show. One place that it is extremely important to take responsibility for oneself is at work. People are given tasks that they are to perform in order to receive a paycheck. In order to continue to have a job people must take the responsibility to complete their assigned tasks. If they do not take that responsibility, they may just find themselves out of work. Not only does it allow people to have a job, but it can also lead to raises and promotions in honor of their actions.

Accounting Research Paper

Accounting Research Paper Dr. Pepper Snapple Group vs. The Coca Cola Company Amanda Herring Tarleton State University Declaration Statement I hereby certify that this paper constitutes my own product, that where the language of others is set forth, quotation marks so indicate, and that appropriate credit is given where I have used the language, ideas, expressions or writings of others. Amanda Herring ID #000078948Zip Code 76707 Table of Contents Title Page1 Declaration Statement2 Table of Contents3Abstract4 Purpose & Objective5 Introduction6 Statement of Problem7 Financial Analysis8 SWOT Analysis13 Decision16 Implementation & Monitoring17 Conclusion18 Bibliography19 Appendix21 Abstract This paper will discuss the financial differences between the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group and the Coca Cola Company, two drink manufacturing companies. It will take into account all of the financial information for 2010 and 2011 for each company, as well as current trends found for both of the companies.F inancial statements for both companies will be included, as well as analysis of both companies’ financial situations. A decision will be made at the end to determine which company is best suited to add to an investment portfolio and an explanation will be given as to why this company has been chosen. Purpose & Objective Dr. Pepper Snapple Group and The Coca Cola Company were chosen because of their sizes and product lines are relatively similar. They are both drink manufacturers with a wide array of different drink products under their label.It is hoped that with this research, one of these companies has a better market position than the other so that it can be recommended to the reader as an addition to their investment portfolio. Introduction The world is currently in a crisis like no other when it comes to the state of the global economy, as is the United States economy. There is always a need to analyze the current situation of companies so that investors and company exec utives know what is going on with the financials and what type of leverage the company currently has, as well as what type of leverage they will have in the future.There is also always a need to compare one’s company to that of similar companies who are competitors in the industry. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast Dr. Pepper Snapple Group and The Coca Cola Company, both drink manufacturing companies, so that a decision can be made about which one to invest in. â€Å"The Coca Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is an American multinational beverage corporation and manufacturer, retailer and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups† (Wikipedia. org) and was â€Å"founded and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia† (Cooper, Ford, & Stephens, 2007). In 1886, pharmacist John Pemberton created the soft drink Coca-Cola by combining soda water, lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and Brazilian shrub weeds. The drink was originally sold in Atlanta in Jacobà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Pharmacy for five cents a glass as a soda fountain drink† (Cooper, Ford, & Stephens, 2007). â€Å"Today Coca-Cola’s reach spreads far beyond Georgia and even the United States; the company has become one of the world’s most recognizable corporations† and â€Å"the Coca-Cola brand is one of the five most recognized symbols† while the company â€Å"has early 400 brands in over 200 countries† (Cooper, Ford, & Stephens, 2007). The Dr. Pepper Snapple Group (NYSE: DPS) is â€Å"an American soft drink company, based in Plano, Texas† that was â€Å"spun off from Britain’s Cadbury Schweppes† who â€Å"in 2006 and 2007†¦purchased the Dr Pepper/Seven Up Bottling Group† (Wikipedia. org). They are â€Å"the leading producer of flavored beverages in North America and the Caribbean† with their success being â€Å"fueled by more than 50 brands that are synonymous with refreshment, fun and flavor† having â€Å"6 of the top 10 non-cola soft drinks, and 11 of 14 leading brands are No. in their flavor categories† (investor. drpeppersnapple. com). Along with their â€Å"flagship Dr Pepper and Snapple brands†, their â€Å"portfolio includes Sunkist soda, 7Up, A&W, Canada Dry, Crush, Mott’s, Squirt, Hawaiian Punch, Penafiel, Clamato, Schweppes, Rose’s and Mr & Mrs T mixers† (investor. drpeppersnapple. com). Problem Statement The problem is deciding which of the two companies to invest money in their stock. With so many different stocks to choose from, there is a need to get the most out of investments these days.In order to come up with this decision, research is pertinent. Extensive research must be done by looking at both companies’ financial information in the form of statement analysis, ratio analysis, financial leverage, and comparative analysis, along with a SWOT analysis of both companies and comparing their strategies. The problem is havi ng two very similar companies to choose from, and deciding which is going to be worth investing in the short and long term. Financial AnalysisCommon Size Income Statements & Horizontal and Vertical Analysis Table [ 1 ]: Coca Cola Company Income Statement Analysis (dollars in millions except for per share data) Year Ended Dec 31,| 2011| Vertical Analysis| 2010| VerticalAnalysis| 2009| % Change 11/10| % Change 10/09| Net Operating Revenues| $46,542| 100%| $35,119| 100%| $30,990| 33| 13| Cost of goods sold| 18,216| 39. 1| 12,693| 36. 1| 11,088| 44| 14| Gross Profit| 28,326| 60. 9| 22,426| 63. 9| 19,902| 26| 13| Gross Profit Margin| 60. 9%| | 63. 9%| | 64. 2%| | |Selling, general and administrative expenses| 17,440| 37. 5| 13,158| 37. 5| 11,358| 33| 16| Other operating charges| 732| 1. 6| 819| 2. 3| 313| | | Operating Income| 10,154| 21. 8| 8,449| 24. 1| 8,231| 20| 3| Operating Margin| 21. 8%| | 24. 1%| | 26. 6%| | | Interest Income| 483| 1| 317| 0. 9| 249| 52| 27| Interest Expense| 417 | 0. 9| 733| 2. 1| 355| (43)| 106| Equity income (loss) – net| 690| 1. 5| 1,025| 2. 9| 781| (33)| 31| Other income (loss) – net| 529| 1. 1| 5,185| 14. 8| 40| | | Income Before Income Taxes| 11,439| 24. | 14,243| 40. 6| 8,946| (20)| 59| Income taxes| 2,805| 6| 2,384| 6. 8| 2,040| 18| 17| Effective tax rate| 24. 5%| | 16. 7%| | 22. 8%| | | Consolidated Net Income| 8,634| 18. 6| 11,859| 33. 8| 6,906| (27)| 72| Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest| 62| 0. 01| 50| . 001| 82| 24| (39)| Net Income Attributable to shareowners| 8,572| 18. 4| 11,809| 33. 6| | (27)| 73| Net Income per share| | | | | | | | Basic net income per share| $3. 75| | $5. 12| | | (27)| 74| Diluted net income per share| $3. 69| | $5. 6| | | (27)| 73| Retrieved from The Coca Cola Company’s 2010 and 2011 10k Reports The Coca Cola Company has seen an increase in revenues since 2009, though they seem to have higher prices when it comes to selling, administrative, and general expenses during the 2011 accounting period. This seems to be the trend throughout the world, though, as the economic situation has become sour again and prices seem to be rising on all products and services. The cost of goods sold is also higher in the year that has the highest revenues, though this can be attributed to the economic situation once again.The problem with the cost of goods, selling, administrative, and general expenses being so high is that net income has turned out lower, for the 2011 year thus causing the per share income to be significantly lower than that of 2010. Table [ 2 ]: Dr Pepper Snapple Group Income Statement Analysis (dollars in millions except for per share data) Year Ended Dec 31,| 2011| VerticalAnalysis| 2010| VerticalAnalysis| 2009| % Change 11/10| % Change 10/09| Net Sales| $5,903| 100%| $5,636| 100%| $5,531| 5%| 2%| Cost of goods sold| 2,485| 42. 1| 2,243| 39. 8| 2,234| 10| 0. 5| Gross Profit| 3,418| 57. 9| 3,393| 60. | 3,297| 1%| 3| Gross Profit Margin| 57 . 9%| | 60. 2%| | | | | Selling, general and administrative expenses| 2,257| 38. 3| 2,233| 39. 6| 2,135| 1. 1| 4. 4| Depreciation and amortization| 126| 2. 1| 127| 2. 3| 117| (0. 1)| 8| Other operating charges| 11| 0. 2| 8| 0. 1| (40)| 27| 84| Operating Income| 1,024| 17. 3| 1,025| 18. 2| 1,085| (0. 1)| (6)| Operating Margin| 17. 3%| | 18. 2%| | | | | Interest Expense| 114| 1. 9| 128| 2. 3| 243| (12)| (89)| Interest Income| (3)| (0. 1)| (3)| (0. 1)| (4)| | | Loss on early extinguishment of debt| -| -| 100| 1. 8| -| | | Other income (loss) – net| (12)| (0. )| (21)| (. 04)| (22)| | | Income Before Income Taxes & Equity| 925| 15. 7| 821| 14. 6| 868| 13| (5)| Income taxes| 320| 5. 5| 294| 5. 3| 315| 8| (7)| Income before Equity| 605| 10. 2| 527| 9. 4| 553| 13| (5)| Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries| 1| -| 1| -| 2| | | Net Income| 606| 10. 3| 528| 9. 4| 555| 13| (5)| Net Income per share| | | | | | | | Basic net income per share| 2. 77| | 2. 19| | 2. 18| 26| (. 01) | Diluted net income per share| 2. 74| | 2. 17| | 2. 17| 26| (. 01)| Retrieved from Dr Pepper Snapple Group 2010 and 2011 10k ReportsThe Dr Pepper Snapple Group definitely sees a significantly lower revenue standard than The Coca Cola Company, which can be seen as a bad thing because it means their market share isn’t near what Coca Cola Company’s market share is. Even though these companies are in the same industry, it seems that Dr Pepper Snapple Group just isn’t being able to keep up with the larger company that the Coca Cola Company is. Yes, Dr Pepper Snapple Group is also seeing the same added expenses in the cost of goods sold, selling, administrative, and general expenses, but nearly at the percentage rate that he Coca Cola Company is. This means that their net income and their per share net income has grown considerably from 2010 to 2011, but remained around the same the year before that. Comprehensive Financial Ratio Analysis Valuation Ratios| DPS| KO| I ndustry| Earnings per share| 2. 79| 3. 78| | P/E Ratio| 16. 37| 21. 17| 20. 9| P/E High| NA| NA| 2. 6| P/E Low| NA| NA| 0. 8| Price to Book| 4. 27| 5. 72| 5. 51| Price to Sales| 1. 63| 3. 87| 2. 93| Price to Cash Flow| 11. 3| 16. 8| 15. 4| Market Cap| 9. 60B| 180. 10B| | Dividends| 1. 21| 1. 88| |Dividend Yield| 2. 98| 2. 55| | Financial Ratios| | | | Current Ratio| 0. 92| 1. 05| 1. 2| Quick Ratio| 0. 7| 1| 0. 8| Leverage Ratio| 3. 9| 2. 6| 2. 9| Book Value per share| 10. 9| 14. 34| 13. 53| | 24. 3| 17. 08| | Total debt to asset| 29. 17| 35. 72| | Lt debt to equity| 99. 69| 43. 17| | Total debt to equity| 119. 66| 90. 31| 108| Operating Metrics| | | | Return on avg assets| 6. 67| 11. 29| 8. 9| Return on avg equity| 25. 67| 27. 37| 25. 74| Return on investment| 8. 13| 15. 77| 13. 7| Margins| | | | Net profit margin| 10. 25| 18. 55| 14. 16|Gross margin| 57. 9| 60. 86| 55. 48| EBITD margin| 20. 85| 27. 06| | Operating margin| 17. 35| 23. 06| | Retrieved from www. google. com/finance & www. investing. money. msn. com The Coca Cola Company has a higher return on investment percentage than Dr Pepper Snapple Group, which means that Coca Cola Company is generating more wealth out of the investments they are making. Both companies’ revenues are growing, though it seems that Coca Cola Company is again winning out in the growth category because they are growing at a larger percentage.Within the past two years Coca Cola Company’s revenue growth has been 13% and then 33%, which seems to mean that even through economically tough times, Coca Cola Company is still able to see larger revenue than the year before. The Coca Cola Company is trading at approximately four times their price/earnings ratio, which shows that it is a strong company which shareholders expect the price to go up. Although Dr Pepper Snapple Group is trading for around three times their price/earnings ratio, shareholders also agree that they have a strong company.If you look at all of the anal ysis ratios, The Coca Cola Company is outperforming the industry in a number of different ratios. These include, but not limited to, the average return on equity, average return on assets, book value per share, the quick ratio, the leverage ratio, net profit margin, and gross margin, just to name a few. It seems that because of this, barring something unforeseen, The Coca Cola Company will remain the leader in their industry, and a good solid investment for any investor. If you are just looking at these ratios, The Coca Cola Company would definitely be the investment choice you would want to go with.However, there are other factors to be considered still. The Coca Cola Company 5 year Stock Valuation Chart Retrieved from www. thecoca-colcompany. com Dr Pepper Snapple Group 5 year Stock Valuation Chart Retrieved from www. nasdaq. com In analyzing the two stock charts above, both are showing results for the past five years, it seems that the trends in both stocks are about the same. Th ere is a drop in October of 2009, which was the financial crisis that made all stocks drop, though both have bounced back up. Dr Pepper Snapple Group has seen an extremely higher stock price since before the crisis, though it s still not valued at what The Coca Cola Company’s stock price is valued. The Coca Cola Company’s stocks have bounced back up, as previously stated, though not at the expansive amount Dr Pepper Snapple Group has since the devastating financial crisis. The Coca Cola Company is valued more than the Dr Pepper Snapple Group because â€Å"although we think there may be a better time to dabble in the firm's shares based on our DCF process, the firm's stock has outperformed the market benchmark during the past quarter, indicating increased investor interest in the company† (Why Coca-Cola is worth, 2012).However, there is some estimation that â€Å"if recent commodity price trends hold over the next quarter, Dr. Pepper Snapple (ticker: DPS) should demonstrate significant earnings leverage in 2013 – well in excess of current Wall Street estimates† (Gerberi, Herzog, & Metrano, 2012). SWOT Analysis Strengths â€Å"Coca-Cola’s key strategy is its excellence in emerging markets. It has secured strong anchorage in emerging markets and in the event that the American market plummets, it will have a good fallback position† (Bazil, 2012).This is a great thing, along with the fact that they are a global company. This gives them a position to be at the forefront of the beverage industry and allows them to see better revenues than others in the beverage industry. Dr Pepper Snapple Group, on the other hand, has a strength in the fact that they have seen a smaller increase in the cost of goods sold and other expenses than The Coca Cola Company. This is a strength because it means that the company has been able to control costs, yet they still have the same quality of beverages they always have. WeaknessesDr Peppe r Snapple Group has continued to be an American-centric beverage company and could use a more global outlook to add to profits and up their stock performance. This is a weakness because The Coca Cola Company is already out in the global market and has become the face of the beverage industry from the United States. They are well known, and if Dr Pepper Snapple Group can’t keep up with this, they will never be able to achieve the same financial situation that The Coca Cola Company has. The Coca Cola Company has seen a weakness in the fact that they haven’t been able to control costs throughout the economic down recently.They are seeing more revenues, but revenues are not all that matter in the business world. The Coca Cola Company should try to maintain a lower cost structure so that they have a better advantage, and a larger net income. Opportunities Dr Pepper Snapple Group has a huge opportunity to go global with their beverages. They are currently thinking relatively small in the grand scheme of things and could use a global perspective to raise revenues and become a more comparative competitor to The Coca Cola Company. The Coca Cola Company has the opportunity to try to control costs.They need to be able to do this so they can see a larger net income and save money during these economically hard times. Companies that are not able to control costs will eventually not be able to make it in the business world because they will be paying prices that they sales cannot keep up with. Threats The Coca Cola Company has a big threat that could potentially affect them in the long run. If more of their competitors enter the global market, they could see huge competition in this market than ever before.They are the main beverage company that has a large global presence, but other beverage companies will be looking, if they already aren’t, into getting into the global market so that they compete with The Coca Cola Company revenue wise, and see the sa me larger revenue that global companies start see when they branch out to different areas of the world. Dr Pepper Snapple Group could see a threat of all others within the beverage industry catching on to their cost controlling methods. These methods would help other companies be able to compete better because they will be saving money and hopefully seeing higher revenues as well.This cost controlling, though now a competitive advantage, could very well become an industry norm in the future. Decision I feel that both companies should be invested in. There seems to be a relatively good stock market valuation for The Coca Cola Company and Dr Pepper Snapple Group, as well as good return on investment percentages relative to the beverage industry average. I think that half should be invested in The Coca Cola Company because it has a global presence and sees higher revenue and has a larger stock valuation, as well as a larger per share net income because of the larger revenues than that of Dr Pepper Snapple Group.I also think that the other half should be invested in Dr Pepper Snapple Group. I feel that this manufacturer only has greater heights to attain, seeing as they have yet to have a huge global presence since they are centered on their United States market. I feel that investing in their stock now, before they truly go global (which will happen because every company should start thinking on a global scale), would be the best case scenario because once they do start making a larger revenue due to global sales, they will probably see a higher return on investment, as well as a higher stock valuation.Implementation & Monitoring To implement this, you should contact your financial advisor. Your financial advisor will able to help you further assess the situation which I have laid out in this report. They will also be able to connect you with a stock broker, if you already do not have one. The stock broker will then help you invest your money in the way I have ex plained above. Then it would be advisable, in order to monitor your investment, that you also use your financial advisor who can better monitor the progress of your stock investment.If this is too expensive, then you could monitor the stock yourself through websites such as www. investing. money. msn. com, www. google. com/finance, or www. finance. yahoo. com. These, plus many more websites, are very helpful in monitoring your investment in the stock market. It is up to you whether you want to monitor it every day, once a week, twice a week, or once a month. Whichever you choose, make sure that you keep up with it and don’t fret when stock prices take a slight drop. Pulling money out too early, or when the stock is currently falling is never a good plan. ConclusionsWith this paper, I have learned that, contrary to my belief, The Coca Cola Company are not comparative in size when it comes to revenue, or even the amount of different beverages they sell. They both, though, have comparative ratio analysis. They both are around the industry average, sometimes one is a little above and the other is a little below and vice versa, but for the most part they are relatively close to the industry average. It seems that Dr Pepper Snapple Group has been able to control costs a little more effectively than The Coca Cola Company, but The Coca Cola Company has seen better revenues than the Dr Pepper Snapple Group.Both of these companies are on upwards trends in the stock market, even though they are not comparable by price. There is definitely a need to invest in both of these companies because each has their unique competitive advantage. The Coca Cola Company’s competitive advantage is the fact that they are the leaders in the global beverage market, while Dr Pepper Snapple Group’s competitive advantage is that is able to control costs more efficiently. They each have a large product line and could both benefit from learning from the other in different a spects of the business.Bibliography Bazil, M. (2012). Coca-Cola’s secret weapon. Retrieved from http://www. gurufocus. com/news/183815/cocacolas-secret-weapon. Coca Cola Company Form 10k, 2010. (2011). Retrieved from www. sec. gov. Coca Cola Company Form 10k, 2011. (2012). Retrieved from www. sec. gov. Cooper, L. , Ford, W. , & Stephens, W. (2007). Coca-Cola case study: An ethics incident. The Archive of Marketing Education. Retrieved from www. marketingpower. com. Dr Pepper Snapple Group. (n. d. ). Retrieved from www. wikipedia. org.Dr Pepper Snapple Group Form 10k, 2010. (2011). Retrieved from www. sec. gov. Dr Pepper Snapple Group Form 10k, 2011. (2012). Retrieved from www. sec. gov. Gerberi, J. , Herzog, B. , & Metrano, B. (2012). Beating the global heat with Dr. Pepper Snapple. Retrieved from http://online. barrons. com/article/SB50001424053111903857104577462982562697696. html Graph Data. (2012). Retrieved from www. google. com/finance. Graph Data. (2012). Retrieved from www. investing. money. msn. com. Graph Data. (2012). Retrieved from www. hecoca-colacompany. com. Graph Data. (2012). Retrieved from www. nasdaq. com. Graph Data. (2012). Retrieved from www. yahoo. com. Investors. (n. d. ). Retrieved from www. investor. drpeppersnapple. com. The Coca Cola Company. (n. d. ). Retrieved from www. wikipedia. org. Why Coca-Cola is worth $70 per share. (2012). Retrieved from http://seekingalpha. com/article/755581-why-coca-cola-is-worth-70-per-share? source=marketwatch Appendix A – Accounting Research Paper Supporting Files PDF Files Word/Rich Text Files

Internship Handbook

Master of Public Health Program Internship Handbook 2010-2011 University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program University of Missouri 802  Lewis  Hall Columbia,  MO  65211 PHONE  (573)  884? 6844 FAX  (573)  884? 4132 http://publichealth. missouri. edu To Whom It May Concern: The Master of Public Health Program at the University of Missouri trains practitioners, teachers, researchers, and administrators to plan, implement, and evaluate programs aimed at enhancing health in human populations through organized effort on the local, state, and national level.Internships for MPH students fulfill a critical need for their public health experience and help build our community, state, and nation’s public health workforce. The following information is designed to guide and provide accountability for preceptors and interns in the University of Missouri Master of Public Health Internship program. Thank you for agreeing to work with the Master of Public Health Progra m to help provide experience for our graduate students. We appreciate your input into planning experiences and your feedback about students’ progress. Sincerely, Kristofer J.Hagglund, PhD, ABPP Director, Master of Public Health Program Tel: (573) 884-7050 Fax: (573) 884-4132 Email: [email  protected] missouri. edu University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program Internship Table of Contents Mission Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Policy for Pre-requisites†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Student Checklist†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Sample Schedule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Preceptor Expectations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Project Selection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Student Expectations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Faculty Advisor Expectations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Internship Agreement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Internship Statement of Purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Internship Progress Report†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Preceptor Final Internship Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Student Final Internship Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Guidelines for Final Paper†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2 3 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 Appendices Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: Competencies to Be Used for Internship Learning Objectives Self-assessment of Experience/Competency†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Student Internship Interest Form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Internship Description Form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Field Practicum Agreement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Log of Hours†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 17 19 20 21 23 University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Inter nship Procedures Mission Statement The mission of the Master of Public Health Program at the University of Missouri is to advance the well-being and quality of life of the citizens of Missouri and beyond through excellence in teaching, discovery, and service in public health.To harness the unique strengths of the University of Missouri in rural health, veterinary medicine, and policy analysis and development in addressing the needs of underserved populations and preparing public health leaders on the local, state, and national levels. Statement of Values The underlying values of the University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program include a strong commitment to creating a learning environment where evidence-based decision-making and bestpractices are focused on enhancing the common good.The core values of the University of Missouri (Respect, Responsibility, Discovery, Excellence) intersect with key public health values informing the program in several important ways: 1) Respec t for the diversity of our students and for the communities they will serve, including an understanding of issues involving equity and the special needs of vulnerable populations, 2) The Responsibility of the academy to bring rigor and excellence to the training of both future and currently practicing public health professionals and to make research findings accessible for use in the development of public policy, 3) The value of promoting and supporting the innovative interdisciplinary Discovery that is a unique strength of the discipline of public health, and 4) The necessity of holding leaders of population-based efforts to improve health to the highest standards of Excellence, including professionalism, solid grounding in international and national codes of ethics, and respect for individual dignity, social justice, and fairness. -1- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures Policy for Pre-requisites for the MPH Internship Before t he beginning of an internship, the MPH student must have completed 21 hours of coursework in the Master of Public Health Program, which should include following courses: P_HLTH 7150 Principles of Public Health P_HLTH 150 Human Health and the Environment P_HLTH 8920 Social and Behavioral Sciences in Public Health and either F_C_MD 8420 Principles of Epidemiology or NURSE 8100 Epidemiology for Public Health Practice and either STAT 7020 Statistical Methods in the Health Sciences or STAT 7410 Biostatistics Subtotal Credit Hours Other Elective Credit Hours TOTAL 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 15 6 21 Pre-requisite Waiver Policy: Waivers for students who would like to start their internships prior to completion of all pre-requisites will be considered on an individual basis by the student’s Faculty Advisor, Field Placement Coordinator, and the MPH Program Director. -2- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures Student Checklist Preparing for interns hip: (3 months before internship) ? 1.Revise Resume: Include information on education, previous work experience, and career goals. Keep length to no more than two pages. Contact your Faculty Advisor or the Field Placement Coordinator for assistance, if needed. 2. Complete Self-Assessment Form: This will help you to identify competency areas you want to emphasize during your internship. Turn in the self-assessment to the Field Placement Coordinator. See Appendix 2. The Student Internship Interest form is also helpful and available in Appendix 3. 3. Consider Potential Internship Sites: With the assistance of your Faculty Advisor and/or the Field Placement Coordinator, develop a listing of potential internship sites.Considerations include: geographical location, interest areas, career goals, and learning objectives. Review the opportunities posted on the MPH Program website. http://publichealth. missouri. edu/students/Internship%20Opportunities. php 4. Meet with Your Faculty Advisor: R eview potential internship opportunities, self-assessment, and interest areas with your Faculty Advisor and the Field Placement Coordinator as needed. (Special note: Your Faculty Advisor is identified in your https://myzou. missouri. edu account. ) 5. Contact Sites/Preceptors: Make contact with potential Preceptors to explore internship duties. Set up interviews (phone or in-person) and review information about the agency/organization.Treat contacts like job interviews; follow up with thank-you notes and inform the Preceptor promptly if you will be accepting the internship. 6. Finalize Internship Site and Preceptor: Contact your Faculty Advisor and the Field Placement Coordinator to finalize internship plans. ? ? ? ? ? Starting your internship: (within 2 weeks of starting internship) ? 7. Complete Statement of Purpose: Identify the MPH Program Competencies you plan to meet through your internship work, develop specific, time-sensitive, and measurable objectives, and estimate a timel ine for completion. The Statement of Purpose must be signed by the intern, Preceptor, and Faculty Advisor and returned to the Field Placement Coordinator at the start of the internship. 8.Complete Internship Agreement: Ask your Faculty Advisor and Preceptor to review your internship goals and objectives and complete the Internship Agreement. This document must be signed by the intern, Preceptor, and Faculty Advisor and returned to the Field Placement Coordinator at the start of the internship. 9. Complete Internship Log: Begin documenting hours and maintaining a record of activities on the Internship Log in Appendix 6. 10. Complete Field Practicum Agreement: Complete a Field Practicum Agreement if requested by the Field Placement Coordinator. These are needed for new and off-campus internship sites. See Appendix 4. ? ? ? Midterm: 11. Complete Internship Progress Report: Meet with your Preceptor about halfway through the internship to discuss progress. The intern and Preceptor must c omplete the Internship Progress Report and return it to the Field Placement Coordinator. -3- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures ? 12. Update Statement of Purpose: Update progress towards meeting objectives and timeline on the Statement of Purpose and return to the Field Placement Coordinator. Final: ? 13. Finalize Statement of Purpose: Complete the final column of the Statement of Purpose and address objectives that were met (or not met).This document must be signed by your Faculty Advisor, Preceptor, and the Field Placement Coordinator and turned into the Field Placement Coordinator. Complete all assigned internship activities within the internship period unless previous arrangements have been made. If it is clear that an internship-related student activity cannot be completed during the internship, discuss this with the Faculty Advisor as soon as possible. 14. Complete Student Evaluation of Internship: You must complete your Student Final Internship Evaluation within one week of completing the internship. Return the evaluation to the Field Placement Coordinator. A final grade will not be issued until the evaluation is received. 15. Request PreceptorEvaluation of Internship: Provide your Preceptor with a copy of the Preceptor Final Internship Evaluation and requests that it be completed and returned no later than one week following completion of the internship and turned in to the Field Placement Coordinator. 16. Finalize Internship Log: Finalize your log and turn in to the Field Placement Coordinator. 17. Complete Summary Report/Project: Submit a brief paper or report that summarizes your internship activities and accomplishments to your Faculty Advisor. See Guidelines for Final Paper. ? ? ? ? -4- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship ProceduresSample Schedule All documentation should be turned in to the Field Placement Coordinator in her MPH Program office. I. Required documentation schedule for 360 hours of internship in one semester For this option, register for 6 credits in one semester for P_HLTH 8980 Public Health Internship. Previous Semester ? Self-assessment ? Internship interest form (optional) Start of Semester ? Internship Agreement ? Statement of Purpose ? Field Practicum Agreement Midterm ? Internship Progress Report ? Updated Statement of Purpose Final ? Finalized Statement of Purpose ? Student Evaluation ? Preceptor Evaluation ? Final Paper ? Internship Log (if needed) *II.Required documentation schedule for 360 hours of internship spanning 2 semesters For this option, enroll in P_HLTH 8980 Public Health Internship for two semesters and divide 6 credits between these two semesters (e. g. combination of 2-4, 3-3 or 1-5). Previous Semester ? Self-assessment ? Internship interest form (optional) Start of First Semester ? Internship Agreement ? Statement of Purpose ? Field Practicum Agreement End of First Semester ? Internship Progress Report, ? Updated Statement of Purpose End of Second Semester ? Finalized Statement of Purpose ? Student Evaluation ? Preceptor Evaluation ? Final Paper ? Internship Log (if needed) Work closely with/contact Academic Advisor *This option is particularly helpful for summer interns that will not complete their internships by the grading deadline in early August.This avoids having to enter an â€Å"incomplete† grade for the summer semester. Students completing their internships in the summer should register for 3 credits for the summer semester and 3 credits for the fall semester. -5- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures Preceptor Expectations As you work with your student, please consider the following guidelines for the student experience: †¢ †¢ Provide an internship description well in advance for internship position advertisement. You may use our format for the advertisement (See Appendix 4). At the beg inning of the internship, complete agency-student contract with student and Faculty Advisor.Determine semester meeting dates and times for routine meetings with your student. (Other meetings can be scheduled as needed throughout the semester). Specify orientation activities you want your student to complete early in their experience. Clarify call-in procedure if student will miss or be late to the assigned daily experience. Provide a list of resources that you use (e. g. pamphlets/brochures), information from other agencies, other staff resources, etc. for students to use during the semester to help with project work and/or understanding the work of public health agencies. Review student’s progress on their project and notify Field Placement Coordinator if there are any concerns.Notify Field Placement Coordinator regarding any problems or concerns regarding student’s behavior. Discuss and plan with the student the type of final report you expect on the project(s). We e xpect that students will customize this report to the needs of your project. This report is flexible and may include written summaries, data disk, survey tool, teaching materials, etc. – whatever best serves your needs and the project(s) needs. Complete an evaluation of the student at the end of the internship experience and email Field Placement Coordinator. Share with student as you feel appropriate. Document your work and time as a Preceptor according to your agency’s evaluation protocol. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Project Selection We ask that preceptors and their agencies choose projects that they would like students to work on. When making choices for students, please consider the complexity of the project, time demands for the Preceptor and the student, timeliness of project deliverables, and feasibility for student the student to complete t he work, e. g. working with outside collaborators, having adequate resources, and similar constraints. After selecting a project, list in detail the steps involved in project. The student is responsible for coordinating with the MPH Program Faculty Advisors about the project selection. -6-University of Missouri-Columbia Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures Student Expectations During this course, you will be gaining experience in a public health agency and working with a Preceptor on a specific project. The agency and the Preceptor are volunteering to assist you in meeting your educational goals. General student expectations for this experience are listed below: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Contact the Preceptor/agency regularly to discuss progress on your project. Accomplish activities as stated in the Internship Statement of Purpose contract. Participate in activities offered by the Preceptor in addition to the work on your project.Inform the Preceptor/agen cy and clinical instructor about problems/issues related to population and/or project work. Any unresolved issues may be brought to your Faculty Advisor and the MPH Program Administrative Staff. Be responsive to Preceptor/agency requests. Demonstrate professional behaviors, including appropriate dress, language, punctuality, call-in procedure, and discussion with clients and health professionals. †¢ †¢ Preceptors will evaluate your performance based on these expectations. The internship is a pass/fail program. The work on your project must meet the needs of the agency/Preceptor for you to pass the internship. Faculty Advisor ExpectationsThe Faculty Advisor is a very important academic figure during the internship process. He/she serves along with the Field Placement Coordinator as a bridge between the student and the Preceptor as needed. The role of the Faculty Advisor becomes more important when the student faces problems during the internship. He/she must work in conjunc tion with the Field Placement Coordinator to sort out any problematic issues. Further, considering development of the student and current competitive environment, the Faculty Advisor should be prepared to discuss the following with prospective interns: 1. Will this project be at graduate student level? 2. Is this project going to meet MPH Program Competencies (see Appendix 1)? 3.Will it lend itself to a capstone project? (This is not required but desirable for students who are seeking publications or PhD. ) -7- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures INTERNSHIP AGREEMENT UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI MASTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAM STUDENT STATEMENT: I, ________________________________________ agree to perform my internship at the agency and with the Preceptor named below. I understand that in order to satisfy the internship requirement, my proposed project(s) must have the approval of the Preceptor and the Faculty Advisor. I have attached learning objectives and activities with this contract.I agree to complete all pre-internship requirements (readings, physical exams, background checks, etc. ) as requested by the sponsoring agency. I understand that I must complete approximately 360 clock hours to satisfy program requirements. This might be completed as a single full-time block (about 9 weeks at 40 hours per week) or part-time during the course of several months and up to one year. The current internship will be approximately _______ hours/week for _______ weeks. Compensation for this internship period will be $_________ per _________. I understand I may or may not receive compensation. I understand that if I do receive compensation, it will be from the agency and not from the University of Missouri.I understand that I may or may not be covered by the agency’s worker compensation benefit, and I agree to obtain health insurance in the event I will not be covered by the agency for worker’s compensation. I understand that the Preceptor and Faculty Advisor will evaluate my progress jointly. I will present all report materials in the format requested by the Preceptor and/or the Faculty Advisor. I understand that if my performance is not satisfactory, I may be re-assigned by the Faculty Advisor. I will complete all required evaluations and documentation as specified in the MPH Internship Procedures and submit them to the MPH Program Associate Director. I understand that a final grade will not be issued until the Faculty Advisor receives all paperwork.With respect to the agency, I agree to maintain privacy regarding any information with special confidentiality requirements (patient information, financial information, etc. ). Student Signature: _____________________________________________ Date: ___________________ Preceptor Signature: ____________________________________________________________________ (Title) Agency/Organization:________________________________________________Date:___ ___________ Major Program Advisor Signature: _____________________________________Date:_______________ (If Needed) Dual Degree Advisor Signature: __________________________________________ Date: ___________ -8- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures INTERNSHIP STATEMENT OF PURPOSEUNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI MASTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAM (Attach more information if needed) Instructions: 1. Complete the first three columns of the table at the start of the internship. Competencies may be selected with the help of the Faculty Advisor and Field Placement Coordinator and can be found in Appendix 1. 2. Objectives should be measurable and specific to the internship project (e. g. develop a survey for assessing barriers to breast-feeding in low-income women). 3. Once completed, the Statement of Purpose must be signed by the Faculty Advisor, Preceptor, and intern and a copy turned in to the Field Placement Coordinator. 4. At Midterm and Final, the objectives should be re-evaluated and addressed in the appropriate column.The overall purpose of my internship is: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ COMPETENCIES OBJECTIVES ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE MIDTERM PROGRESS FINAL EVALUATION -9- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures Page 2 – MPH PROGRAM INTERNSHIP STATEMENT OF PURPOSE COMPETENCIES OBJECTIVES ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE MIDTERM PROGRESS FINAL EVALUATION Preceptor: _________________ Date: _______ Midterm: _________________ Date: _______ Final: ____________________ Date: _______ Advisor: _______________ Date: __________ (At the start of internship) Student: _______________Date: ______ Field Placement Coordinator________ ____ Date:_______ Midterm: ______________ Date: _______ Final: _________________ Date: _______Midterm: _____________________________Date:_________ Final: _________________________________Date:________ -10- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures INTERNSHIP PROGRESS REPORT Preceptor and Intern: Complete this form about halfway through the internship. Return this form to the MPH Program Administrative Associate, University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program, 802 Lewis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211. Student Name: ________________________________________________________________________ Internship Site: _______________________________________________________________________ Preceptor: ___________________________________________________________________________ (Title)Period Covered by Progress Report: _____________________________through ___________________ Total Hours Worked to Date: ___________________ _________________________________________ Activities observed and/or participated in during this period: ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ A. Student Intern Comments: 1. Brief description of Internship to date: 2. Self-assessment of progress/accomplishments: -11- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures PRECEPTOR FINAL INTERNSHIP EVALUATION Preceptor: Complete this evaluation within one week following the completion of the internship. Please return the evaluation to the MPH Program Administrative Associate, University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program, 802 Lewis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211.Student Name: ________________________________________________________________________ Internship Site: ________________________________________________________________ _______ Preceptor: ___________________________________________________________________________ Internship Dates: from _______________________________ through ___________________________ Please evaluate the intern’s performance and University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program faculty and staff participation during the internship period (please feel free to submit any additional attachments): 5 – Excellent 4 – Above Average 3 – Average 2 – Below Average 1- Needs Improvement NA – Not Applicable A. Internship Performance: Reliability (attendance, punctuality, etc. ) Initiative Organizational Skills Enthusiasm for Project(s) Time Management (completing projects, etc. ) Independence in Project(s) Team Skills Exercised Appropriate Judgment 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAStudent competency goals (from Statement of Purpose) achieved 1_______________________________ 2___ ____________________________ 3_______________________________ 4_______________________________ 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA Additional comments: __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ (Signature of Preceptor) (Date) -12- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures STUDENT FINAL INTERNSHIP EVALUATION Return this form to the MPH Program Administrative Associate, University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program, 802 Lewis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 within one week of completing the internship.Student Name: ________________________________________________________________________ Internship Site: _______________________________________________________________________ Preceptor: ___________________________________________________________________________ Internship Dates: from ________________________ thro ugh _____________________________ Please answer the following questions including the comments section. SA: Strongly Agree SD: Strongly Disagree A: Agree D: Disagree NA: Not Applicable 1. My internship contributed to the development of my career interests. 2. My internship provided me with new information and skills. 3. My internship provided an opportunity to use theory and/or information obtained in the classroom. 4. My internship activities were relevant to my learning objectives. 5. My preceptor was accessible to me and provided adequate supervision. . My preceptor provided information regarding agency policies and standards of practice. 7. My preceptor was knowledgeable in his/her area of responsibility. SA SA SA A A A D D D SD SD SD NA NA NA SA SA SA SA A A A A D D D D SD SD SD SD NA NA NA NA Comment: _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________ _____________________________________________________________ (Signature of Student) (Date) -13- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures Guidelines for Final PaperThe student must submit to the Field Placement Coordinator a brief paper or report that summarizes internship activities and accomplishments. The format of the summary may vary, but it should sufficiently describe the scope of the intern’s activities and any special projects undertaken. Include views on the experience, achievement of learning objectives, strengths, and weaknesses. * †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 2-3 pages, not more than 1000 words. Use font of Times New Roman with size of 12. Double-spaced lines. Due one week after completion of internship. *In particular, please elaborate on one of the following cross-cutting competencies, stating how your internship experience has helped in achieving it.Use the basic concepts and skills involved in culturally ap propriate community engagement and empowerment with diverse communities. Cite examples of situations where consideration of culture-specific needs resulted in a more effective modification or adaptation of a health intervention. Describe the attributes of leadership in public health. Apply social justice and human rights principles when addressing community needs. Embrace a definition of public health that captures the unique characteristics of the field (e. g. , population-focused, community-oriented, prevention-motivated and rooted in social justice) and how these contribute to professional practice.Distinguish between population and individual ethical considerations in relation to the benefits, costs, and burdens of public health programs. In collaboration with others, prioritize individual, organizational, and community concerns and resources for public health programs. Explain how the contexts of gender, race, poverty, history, migration, and culture are important in the design of interventions within public health systems. Analyze the effects of political, social and economic policies on public health systems at the local, state, national and international levels. -14- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures APPENDIX 1Competencies to Be Used for Internship Learning Objectives Biostatistics 1. Propose preferred methodological alternatives to commonly used statistical methods when assumptions are not met. 2. Develop written and oral presentations based on statistical analyses for both public health professionals and educated lay audiences. 3. Partner with communities to attach meaning to collected data. Epidemiology 1. Evaluate the integrity and comparability of data and identify gaps in data sources. 2. Select and define variables relevant to defined public health problems. 3. Obtain and interpret information regarding risks and benefits to the community. 4.Design and evaluate surveillance systems for mic robiological hazards to human health of animal origin including new, emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases, foodborne diseases, and those due to antimicrobial resistant bacteria. 5. Communicate epidemiologic information to lay and professional audiences. Health Policy and Management 1. Differentiate and analyze the social determinants of health status. 2. Evaluate the effects of political, social, and economic policies on public health systems at the local, state, national, and international levels. 3. Use information technology to access, evaluate, and interpret data and influence public health policy. 4. Solicit and interpret input from individuals and organizations about public health issues and/or programs. 5.Design and adapt approaches to problems that take into account cultural differences. 6. Build and manage partnerships and work as an effective member of a diverse and/or interdisciplinary team. Social and Behavioral Science in Public Health 1. Analyze the causes of soc ial and behavioral factors that affect health of individuals and populations. 2. Compare and contrast the effectiveness of social and behavioral models in addressing public health problems. 3. Evaluate the impact of social and behavioral science interventions and policies on public health programs and outcomes. 4. Establish targets and formulate interventions for social and behavioral science programs and/or policies. 5.Design public health programs and strategies responsive to the diverse cultural values and traditions of the communities being served. Environmental Health 1. Develop a testable model of environmental insult. 2. Outline a health impact assessment of a public policy proposal or infrastructure development proposal. 3. Effectively communicate about and manage environmental risks. 4. Interpret and construct logical arguments concerning the balance of individual and community risks, rights, and benefits. -15- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-201 1 MPH Internship Procedures 5. Identify, evaluate, and devise intervention strategies for the prevention and control of foodborne disease threats. 6.Provide health education and/or extension education services to a wide array of stakeholders including farmers, food processors, and the general public. 7. Conduct biomedical research and engage in production and control of biological products and medical devices. Communication 1. Collaborate with communication and informatics specialists in the process of design, implementation, and evaluation of public health information programs. 2. Use the media, advanced technologies, and community networks to communicate information. 3. Use informatics and communication methods to advocate clearly and effectively for community public health programs and policies. -16- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures APPENDIX 2SELF-ASSESSMENT OF EXPERIENCE/COMPETENCY Below you will find summarized versions of the competencies with which each MPH student, regardless of Emphasis Area, will be expected to graduate. The full, detailed list of competencies is available on the MPH Program website. The completion of this self-assessment will serve both as a guide for individuals in shaping their internship and capstone experiences and for the program as a whole, in evaluating and revising our curriculum. For each question, please record your answer on the attached answer sheet according to the following scale: 1. NO EXPERIENCE 2. AWARE 3. KNOWLEDGEABLE 4. PROFICIENT 5. N/A BIOSTATISTICS 1.Be able to identify data sources and apply descriptive and inferential methodologies for answering research questions, as well as describe preferred methodological alternatives to commonly used statistical methods when assumptions are not met. 2. Develop written and oral presentations based on statistical analyses for both public health professional and educated lay audiences while applying ethical principl es to the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of data and information. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 3. Analyze the impact of environmental and occupational hazards on population health. 4. Describe prevention, control, risk management, and communication strategies in relation to the issues of environmental justice and equity at local, national, and global levels. 5.Explain the physiological, psychosocial, biological, molecular, and toxicological effects of environmental and occupational insults on population health. EPIDEMIOLOGY 6. Describe and quantify health problems in terms of magnitude, person, time, and place in the community and understand the application of community-based participatory research. 7. Calculate basic epidemiology measures and evaluate the integrity and comparability of data. 8. Understand basic survey design, its ethical and legal principles, and analysis with appropriate epidemiological and inferential methods. (Continued†¦. ) -17- Universit y of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT 9. Describe the history, structure, and emerging advances in health care systems.Identify, differentiate, and describe the elements of the organization, financing, functioning, regulation, and delivery of health services and understand the consequences of changes to those systems, including unintended ones. 10. Understand the social determinants of health status and analyze the impact of political, social, legal, ethical, technological, cultural, and economic factors on public health policy and delivery systems at local, state, national, and international levels. 11. Articulate and analyze the principles of strategic planning, program development, budgeting, marketing, and evaluation through the use of quality and performance improvement tools and community and stakeholder participation. 12. Partner with communities to identify risks, enefits, and limitations of public heal th programs and recognize ethical, political, scientific, and economic issues arising from them. SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 13. Understand the theories, concepts, and models of social and behavioral change and apply evidence-based quantitative and qualitative approaches for program planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health interventions at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. 14. Differentiate between linguistic competence, cultural competency, and health literacy and understand the importance of cultural diversity in the development and implementation of community-based public health interventions. COMMUNICATION 15.Understand the role of public health communications in the dissemination of health information to diverse communities and demonstrate written, oral, and informatics skills that advocate clearly and effectively for public health programs and policies to both professional and lay audiences. 16. Collaborate with communication and informatics speciali sts in the process of design, implementation, and evaluation of public health programs. 17. Use the media, advanced technologies, and community networks to communicate information. Comments: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ -18-University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures APPENDIX 3 Student Internship Interest Form Consider the following areas as a guide while preparing to select an internship. Write responses in the space provided if you wish to review this form with your Faculty Advisor or the Associate Director. SETTING/TYPE OF AGENCY: Types of agencies/organizations (e. g. hospital, health department, industry governmental agenc y, etc. ) that you believe would provide the kind of educational and professional experience you need: SKILLS: Any special skills you wish to use or develop during the internship: SUBJECT/CONTENT AREAS: Content areas (e. g. ealth promotion, infectious diseases, social issues, etc. ) in which you might like to work: LOCATION: List in order of preference the geographic location(s) you would prefer: SPECIAL POPULATIONS: Any special populations you would like to work with (e. g. , children, women, persons with disabilities, etc. ) PERSONAL NEEDS: Consider all personal needs that could constrain your placement at a particular site (e. g. accommodations needed as per ADA, religious considerations, etc. ) TIMING: Any preferences regarding timing, including work schedule requirements, time of year requirements, etc. FINANCIAL: Not all public health internships are paid. Do you need a paid internship? Yes/NoOUT-OF-TOWN: Have you considered out-of-town internship (e. g. CDC)? If you are inter ested in an out-of-town internship, are you able to take care of transportation and housing during that time: Yes/No OTHER COMMENTS: Please provide any other information that would assist the MPH faculty in finding an appropriate internship for you. -19- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures APPENDIX 4 INTERNSHIP DESCRIPTION FORM Agency: ______________________________________________________ Department name: _______________________________________________ Overview of the program: ________________________________________Overview of the internship: _______________________________________ †¢ When are these positions offered? o Time frame: Open fromo Hours required: Location: On-site Vs Off-site Pay/ Stipend: Accommodation: Yes/No to- †¢ †¢ †¢ Qualifications: ___________________________________________________ Application deadlines: ___________________________________________ Travel: _______________________________ ___________________________ Contact information: _____________________________________________ -20- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures APPENDIX 5 Field Practicum Placement Agreement Between The Curators of the University of Missouri AndThis agreement is made on the day of , , between the Curators of the University of Missouri, for the Master of Public Health (MPH) Program, University of Missouri, hereinafter referred to as â€Å"the University† and hereinafter referred to as â€Å"the Agency†. It is mutually agreed by the University and the Agency that the practicum experience for students, in the field of Public Health, will be provided at the agency. The number of students assigned at a given time shall be determined by the Agency. Representatives of the Agency and the University shall cooperate in developing methods of instruction, objectives and other details of the field experience. The faculty of the Univers ity will assume responsibility for the selection and assignment of students to the learning experience. The students shall follow the Agency’s rules, regulations and procedures.If problems arise, the Field Placement Coordinator for the University shall be notified and representatives from the University and Agency will mutually handle such problems. Students will receive a thorough orientation to the Agency setting. University faculty members and Agency staff supervisors will evaluate the students’ performances by mutual consultation. The Agency will retain full responsibility for the clients of the Agency and will maintain administrative and professional supervision of students insofar as their presence affects the operation of the Agency and/or the direct or indirect provision of services for clients of the agency.The Agency shall be responsible for arranging immediate care in case of accident or illness of students but is not responsible for the costs involved, foll ow-up care or hospitalization. It is understood that assigned students are not University employees and therefore are not covered by Social Security, Unemployment compensation or Worker’s Compensation through the University. The University and the Agency do not and will not discriminate against any applicant for the field experience because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, national origin, age, or status as a Vietnam era veteran. -21- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures This agreement shall begin on the date set forth above in the initial paragraph of the Agreement and shall terminate on the 31st day of August, , provided, however, that the Agreement shall continue thereafter automatically for successive one-year terms running from September 1 to August 31, subject, however, to the right of either party to terminate the agreement, without liability or cause, at the end of the initial term or at the end of any subse quent annual term by giving the other party prior written notice no later than August 1st immediately preceding the beginning of the next successive annual term on September 1st.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this instrument to be duly executed by their properly authorized representatives. THE CURATORS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI Agency Name Signature Title Date Agency’s Mailing Address & Phone Number _________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ ( ) __________________________ -22- University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program 2010-2011 MPH Internship Procedures APPENDIX 6 LOG OF HOURS (for University of Missouri Master of Public Health Program Internship) Intern: ________________________ Duration: ______________________ Preceptor:

Mother Courage and Her Children Play Overview

'Mother Courage and Her Children' Play Overview Mother Courage and Her Children mixes dark humor, social commentary, and tragedy. The title character, Mother Courage, travels across war-weary Europe selling alcohol, food, clothing, and supplies to soldiers on both sides. As she struggles to improve her fledgling business, Mother Courage loses her adult children, one after another. The Setting Set in Poland, Germany, and other parts of Europe, Mother Courage and Her Children spans the years 1624 to 1636. This period is during the Thirty Years War, a conflict that pitted Protestant armies against Catholic forces and resulted in an enormous loss of life.   The Title Character Anna Fierling (aka Mother Courage) has been enduring for a long time, traveling with nothing except a supply wagon pulled along by her adult children: Eilif, Swiss Cheese, and Kattrin. Throughout the play, though she does show concern for her children, she seems more interested in profit and financial security than the safety and well-being of her offspring. She has a love/hate relationship with war. She loves war because of its potential economic benefits. She hates war because of its destructive, unpredictable nature. She has the nature of a gambler, always trying to guess just how long the war will last so that she can take a risk and buy more supplies to sell. She fails dreadfully as a parent when she is focused on her business. When she fails to keep track of her eldest son, Eilif, he joins the army. When Mother Courage tries to haggle for the life of her second son (Swiss Cheese), she offers a low payment in exchange for his freedom. Her stinginess results in his execution. Eilif is also executed. Although his death is not a direct result of her choices, she misses her only chance to visit with him because she is at the market working her business instead of at church, where Eilif expects her to be. Near the plays conclusion, Mother Courage is again absent when her daughter Kattrin martyrs herself in order to save innocent townspeople. Despite losing all of her children by the end of the play, it is arguable that Mother Courage never learns anything, thus never experiences an epiphany or transformation. In his editorial notes, Brecht explains that  it is not incumbent on the playwright to give Mother Courage insight at the end. Rather, Brechts protagonist catches a glimpse of social awareness in scene six, but it is quickly lost and never to be regained as the war wears on, year after year. Eilif, the Brave Son The eldest and most independent of Annas children, Eilif is persuaded by a recruiting officer who lures him with talk of glory and adventure. Despite his mothers protests, Eilif enlists. Two years later, the audience sees him again. He is thriving as a soldier who slaughters peasants and loots civilian farms to support his armys cause. He rationalizes his actions by saying necessity knows no law. In scene eight, during a brief time of peace, Eilif steals from a peasant household and murders a woman in the process. He does not understand the difference between killing during wartime (which his peers consider an act of bravery) and killing during peacetime (which his peers consider a crime punishable by death). Mother Courages friends, the chaplain and the cook, do not tell her about Eilifs execution. At the end of the play, she still believes she has one child left alive. Swiss Cheese, the Honest Son Why is he named Swiss Cheese? Because hes good at pulling wagons. Thats Brechts humor for you! Mother Courage claims that her second son has a fatal flaw: honesty. However, this good-natured characters real downfall might be his indecision. When he is hired to be a paymaster for the Protestant army, his duty is torn between the rules of his superiors and his loyalty to his mother. Because he cannot successfully negotiate those two opposing forces, he is ultimately captured and executed. Kattrin, Mother Courages Daughter By far the most sympathetic character in the play, Kattrin is unable to speak. According to her mother, she is in constant danger of being physically and sexually abused by soldiers. Mother Courage often insists that Kattrin wear unseemly clothes and be covered in dirt to draw attention away from her feminine charms. When Kattrin is injured, resulting in a scar on her face, Mother Courage considers it a blessing - now, Kattrin is less likely to be assaulted. Kattrin wants to find a husband. However, her mother keeps putting it off, insisting that they must wait until peacetime (which never arrives during Kattrins adult life). Kattrin desperately wants a child of her own. When she learns that children might be murdered by soldiers, she sacrifices her life by drumming loudly and waking up the townspeople so they are not caught by surprise. Although she perishes, the children (and many other civilians) are saved. Therefore, even without children of her own, Kattrin proves to be far more motherly than the title character. About the Playwright  Bertolt Brech Bertolt (sometimes spelled Berthold) Brecht lived from 1898 to 1956. He was raised by a middle-class German family, despite some of his claims that he had an impoverished childhood. Early in his youth, he discovered a love for the theater that would become his means of creative expression as well as a form of political activism. Brecht fled Nazi Germany before the onset of World War II. In 1941, his anti-war play Mother Courage and Her Children was performed for the first time, premiering in Switzerland. After the war, Brecht moved to Soviet-occupied East Germany, where he directed a revised production of the same play in 1949. Source: Brecht, Bertolt. Mother Courage and Her Children. Grove Press, September 11, 1991.

Animal Farm compared to the Russian Revolution Essays - Free Essays

Animal Farm compared to the Russian Revolution Essays - Free Essays Animal Farm compared to the Russian Revolution Animal Farm by George Orwell Animal Farm compared to the Russian Revolution All of the characters in Animal farm have counterparts in real life. This book was based on the Russian Revolution, and all the important populace of the revolution are symbolized. Some of the animals represent individuals in the Russian Revolution, and some types of animals represent different types of Russian citizens. The book carries out much like the actual revolution. It starts out with hopes of an empire where all are equal and the unfair unjust leader is thrown out. Then it moves on to where some individuals begin to take more power than is rightfully theirs. At the end the rulers have completely taken over and the kingdom is as it was under the original rulers. I will compare the animals from top of the social class to the bottom. At the top were the pigs. Each pig represented someone different in the revolution. Old Major is compared to Lenin. He was an ideologist who dreamed up a wonderful government where all the animals were equal and the humans, or the czars, were pushed out. Unfortunately his dream would never materialize. Then we are left with his predecessors. The first is Snowball. Snowball believed one hundred percent in Old Majors ideals. He wanted all the things Old Major wanted, such as the welfare of the animals. In the Russian Revolution his counterpart would be Trotsky. Trotsky believed and wanted the same things as Lenin, and wanted to continue what Lenin had started. Then comes Napoleon. Napoleon was selfish and greedy. He did not want to share the power or the decision making with any other individual. This was the same for Stalin. At first Napoleon and Snowball shared the decision making and had debates about what course of action they would take. This worked for awhile. Then Napoleon grew weary of long debates, and he thought he could make the decision by himself. He then forced Snowball out of the farm and started to spread lies about Snowball to get the entire farm against him. Stalin did the same thing against Trotsky and forced Trotsky into hiding into Mexico, where he was eventually assassinated. Both Stalin and Napoleon ruined any hopes of equal and fare government and instead set up dictatorships. Then comes the final important pig, Squealer. Squealer did not make the decisions in the government but acted more like the controlled media as in the Russian government. His job was to influence the people by exaggerating and re-writing history and sometimes telling plain lies all together. The people would listen to him, and he would always listen to Napoleon. Other animals were the worker class type citizens. The types of citizens range from hard working to selfish and lazy. Molly, for instance, only cared about her ribbons, and wasnt much of a thinker. All she wanted to do was eat sugar, and look pretty. Benjamin was a critic who always said Ive seen that before and Itll never work. The cat was just plain lazy, and was always disappearing whenever work had to be done. The ducks were weak and did not get much done. Then there were other donkeys which worked much harder and never thought of their own needs. The pigeons acted as message carriers spreading propaganda between farms, spreading Napoleons words from farm to farm, or in the actual Russian Revolution, country to country. Although all these animals are very different, they all shared one common trait. They were all weak. They all let Napoleon take over without much resistance. Just like Stalin took over Russia. These animals were too weak, too scared, or just lacked the intelligence required to do something about it. This is where it is the fault of the people. They should have stood up to Napoleon for what they fought for in the first place. The people must stand up to those who would destroy the system or else all is lost. I think that this story was a good representation of the actual Russian Revolution. But it is even more than that. It shows how people can let certain individuals get away with

Aristotle And Politics

Aristotle And Politics Essay annonAristotle (b. 384 d. 322 BC), was a Greek philosopher, logician,and scientist. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generallyregarded as one of the most influential ancient thinkers in a numberof philosophical fields, including political theory. Aristotle wasborn in Stagira in northern Greece, and his father was a courtphysician to the king of Macedon. As a young man he studied inPlatos Academy in Athens. After Platos death he left Athens toconduct philosophical and biological research in Asia Minor andLesbos, and he was then invited by King Philip II of Macedon to tutorhis young son, Alexander the Great. Soon after Alexander succeededhis father, consolidated the conquest of the Greek city-states, andlaunched the invasion of the Persian Empire. It was in thisenvironment that Aristotles views and ideas of politics developed. As Alexanders teacher, Aristotle had a close tie to the politicalpowers of Athens. Because of this tie Aristotle wrote Politics as aguide to rulers as to how to govern a country. In Politics Aristotlelays out his ideal form of Government. It contains thought provokingdiscussions on the role of human nature in politics, the relation ofthe individual to the state, the place of morality in politics, thetheory of political justice, the rule of law, the analysis andevaluation of constitutions, the relevance of ideals to practicalpolitics, the causes and cures of political change and revolution,and the importance of a morally educated citizenry. He stressed thatthe ideal citizen and ruler must possess certain virtues, such aswisdom, temperance and courage. And the work as a whole echoesAristotles dominant theme of moderation. Politics is an excellenthistorical source because of the close tie Aristotle had to theeveryday business of government in Athens. It reflects the idealizedvalues of t he people and the influence of Aristotles teacher Plato. The importance of wisdom and justice also directly parallel theclassical Greek ideology. Aristotle believed that nature formedpolitics and the need for city-states (government) formed out ofnature. Aristotle lays the foundations for his political theory inPolitics by arguing that the city-state and political rule arenatural. The argument begins with a historical account of thedevelopment of the city-state out of simpler communities. First,individual human beings combined in pairs because they could notexist apart. The male and female joined in order to reproduce, andthe master and slave came together for self-preservation. The masteruses his intellect to rule, and the natural slave uses his body tolabor. Second, the household arose naturally from these primitivecommunities in order to serve everyday needs. Third, when severalhouseholds combined for other needs a village emerged also accordingto nature. Finally, the complete community, formed from severalvillages, is a city-state, whi ch can attain the limit ofself-sufficiency. It comes to be for the sake of life, and exists forthe sake of the good life. (I.2.1252b27-30). Aristotle backs upfour claims about the city-state: First, the city-state exists bynature, because it comes to be out of the more primitive naturalassociations and it serves as their end, because only it attainsself-sufficiency (1252b30-1253a1). Second, human beings are by naturepolitical animals, because nature, which does nothing in vain, hasequipped them with speech, which enables them to communicate moralconcepts such as justice, which are formative of the household andcity-state (1253a1-18). Third, the city-state is naturally prior tothe individuals, because individuals cannot perform their naturalfunctions apart from the city-state, since they are notself-sufficient (1253a18-29). However, these three claims areimmediately followed by a fourth: the city-state is a creation ofhuman intelligence. Therefore, everyone naturally has the impulsef or such a community, but the person who firstestablished is the cause of very great benefits. This greatbenefit may be the laws of the city-state. Aristotle points out thatthe legal system alone saves them from their own savagery. READ: Rules of Court: Parts of a Pleading EssayIts interesting to see that Aristotles view of nature transcends inhis view of the human character and what the humans should be. InAristotles Ethics he points out the popular view of what happinesswas (and maybe still is). Honor, pleasure and wealth are the thingshe believed the Greek people wanted to be happy. He stated that honoris a superficial aim because at any moment it can be taken away fromus. Pleasure is enjoyable but is more an animal quality than human,and wealth is merely a means towards a greater good. Aristotle taughtmoderation; the pursuit of the above three vices is okay, but dontmake it an all encompassing goal. In contrast to the three things hewarned against spending your life on, there were about four thingsthat he felt should be heartily sought after. Aristotle felt thateveryone should possess these qualities,and they were crucial for agood ruler. Wisdom, courage, temperance and justice were the fourvirtues that Ar istotle held so high. He felt that only through thesefour qualities could lead a person, or a country to true happiness. Aristotles virtues parallel the thinking of other classical Greeks. One of the obvious reasons for this is that the teacher-student bondtied many philosophers. The great Socrates taught Plato, and ofcourse Plato was Aristotles teacher. Although, the influence of theteacher is very strong, the students also have show that they canthink independently and their works have a distinctly different tasteto them. Plato said the just person is wise, temperate and courageousand the just state is ruled by wisdom. Platos just state displayedcourage over force and temperance over intemperance. Socrates, another of the famous classical Greeks, died for his viewsof wisdom and justice. Socrates used logic to tell himself and hiscolleagues that he must die for the sake of avoiding hypocrisy. Socrates whole life he preached that the states laws must be heldsupreme for justice to prevail. The state sentenced him to death,and to avoid death would be to contradict the states laws. In theprocess he would be contradicting what he had lived for. Many peoplelikened Socrates to a gadfly, always buzzing in the states face tomake sure they were doing the just thing. Aristotle also knew theimportance of justice but he approached it slightly differently. Justice, Aristotles third moral virtue, consisted of two mainaspects. The first was that the laws made citizens just; the statehad to strive to make the people act morally and good (1129a 13-24). Aristotles second aspect of justice was that people should beawarded justly, or in proportion to what they have done oraccomplished. The higher the merit the higher the honor or thehigher the crime the worse the punishment (1130b 30-32). In Politics Aristotle lays down his ideal structure of the family. His structure greatly reflected the values of the people in thepater-dominated tradition. The belief of the time was that thefather was basically the king of his house; Aristotle didnt varymuch from this. The father had supreme authority and had controlover his wife. He does concede that there is reciprocity betweenthe two but he feels that there is a permanent basic inequality. The wife should remain the ruled one and show her courage (a moralvirtue) through her obedience and her glory through silence (1260a24,30). The father also rules over his children with supremeauthority. Only through his death is his authority removed. Aristotle also included the slave as part of the family, but hedifferentiates from the practices of the time as what he considers tobe an acceptable slave. The status quo was the removal of strongbodies from conquered nations for the purpose of manual labor. Hefelt that slavery through conquest was unacceptable. Slavery hebelieved to be acceptable were those that needed the slave/masterrelationship to survive. Those that were too unintelligent to governthemselves needed this bond to get through life. In exchange fortheir daily care, the natural slaves are to do light householdduties such as cooking (1255b 26-27). It is interesting to notethat in his will Aristotle called for the emancipation of some of hisown acquired slaves. An example of the slave/master relationshipthat Aristotle discussed can be seen in todays world. Sometimes anelderly or sick person requires constant care. They need to haveeverything done for them and therefore cant govern themselves. READ: Belonging: Girl Interrupted. Lisa and Susanna EssayAnother person is required to make the persons important decisionsand is responsible for their care. In this example the distinctioncan be seen between Aristotles idea of a slave and Greekstraditional view, which was similar to the United States in the1800s. Aristotle was a brilliant person who taught moderation in governmentand in life. He stressed the importance of moral virtues as the keyto happiness and a successful government. Aristotle thought that theneed for government and authority developed on its own from nature. He taught in the Lyceum, a school he founded in Athens, how a justperson should live and how a just state should rule. His messages ofvirtue and moderation transcend time and still are a great influenceon modern western thought. SourcesThe Greco-Roman Legacy: AristotlePolitics by AristotleThe Republic by PlatoEthics by AristotleThe Greco-Roman legacy: Plato